Biology Midterm Flashcards
To provide natural explanations about events that happen in the natural world. Also to understand patterns in nature and make useful predictions
Goals of science
Involves observing and asking questions, making inferences and forming hypotheses, conducting controlled experiments, collecting and analyzing data, and drawing conclusions
Scientific methodology
The act of noticing and describing events or processes in a careful, orderly way.
Observation
A logical interpretation based on what scientists already know.
Inference
A scientific explanation for a set of observations can be tested in ways that support or reject it.
Hypothesis
An experiment where only one variable is changed, the other variables are kept unchanged.
Controlled experiment
The variable that is deliberately changed.
Independent variable
The variable that is observed or measured and changes in response to the independent variable.
Dependent variable
Receives no experimental treatment
Control group
Information that scientists gather, the two kinds are kind qualitative and quantitative.
Data
Curiosity, skepticism, open-mindedness, and creativity help scientists generate new ideas.
Scientific attitudes
This helps scientists to share their ideas and to test and evaluate someone’s work. It certifies that the work meets the standards of the scientific community.
Peer review
A well tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations and hypotheses and that enables scientists to make accurate predictions about new situations.
Theory
A particular preference or point of view that is personal, rather than scientific.
Bias
The study of life.
Biology
Complex information that all organisms store that they need to live, grow, and reproduce.
DNA
A signal to which an organism responds.
Stimulus
Cells from two parents untie to form the first cell of a new organism.
Sexual reproduction
When organisms keep their internal environment stable, even if external conditions change.
Homeostasis
A combination of chemical reactions when an organism builds up or breaks down materials.
Metabolism
An organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the natural world. It is a way of observing, thinking, and knowing. It also refers to a body of knowledge that has been gathered over the years
Science
Means “living planet”. In this living things are linked to one another and to the land, water, and air around them.
Biosphere
A single organism produces offspring identical to itself.
Asexual reproduction
The basic unit of matter
Atom
Protons and neutrons at the center of an atom
Nucleus
Negatively charged particle
Electron
Positively charged particle
Proton
Neutral particle
Neutron
A pure substance that consists entirely of type of atom, cannot be broken down
Element
Atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons they contain
Isotopes
A substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in definite proportions
Compound
When one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another, attraction between oppositely charged particles
Ionic bond
Positively and negatively charged atoms, an atom or molecule that has lost or gained one or more electrons
Ions
When atoms share electrons without transferring
Covalent bond
The smallest unit of most compounds, when atoms are joined together by covalent bonds
Molecule
The slight attraction between the oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules when molecules are close together
Van der waals forces
The attraction between a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge and another atom with a partial negative charge
Hydrogen bond
An attraction between two molecules of the same substance
Cohesion
Attraction between two molecules of different substances
Adhesion
Material composed of two or more elements or compounds that are physically mixed together but not chemically combined
Mixture
When ions are evenly dispersed in water or a solvent
Solution
The substance that is dissolved
Solute
Substance that the solute dissolves in
Solvent
Mixtures of water and undissolved material
Suspensions
A measurement system that indicates the concentration of H+ ions in a solution
pH scale
Any compounds that form H+ ions in a solution
Acid
A compound that produces hydroxide (OH-) ions in a solution
Base
Weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids and bases to prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH
Buffers
Smaller units in macromolecules
Monomer
Larger units in macromolecules
Polymers
Compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms
Carbohydrates
Single sugar molecules, they include galactose
Monosaccharides
Made mostly from carbon and hydrogen atoms
Lipids
Macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus
Nucleic acids
Consist of three parts: 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
Nucleotides
Compounds with an amino group on one end and a carboxyl group on the other end, building blocks of protein
Amino acids
Macromolecules that contain nitrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Proteins
Elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction
Reactants
The elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction
Products
A process that changes, or transforms one set of chemicals into another
Chemical reactions
The energy needed to get a reaction started
Activation energy
A substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction
Catalyst
Proteins that act as biological catalysts
Enzymes
The reactants of enzyme-catalyzed reactions
Substrates
The basic unit of life
Cell
A fundamental concept of bioogy
Cell theory
A thin, flexible barrier surrounding cells, where particles pass in and out of the cell, made of lipids and proteins
Cell membrane
The control center of the cell that contains DNA
Nucleus
DNA that is bound to protein
Chromatin
Chromatin that coils up and becomes densely packed when a cell divides
Chromosones
A middle part of the nucleus, this is where ribosomes are produced
Nucleolus
Double membrane that surrounds the nucleus
Nuclear envelope
Membrane bound organelle that store water, salts, proteins, and other waste
Vacuole
Gives the cell structure, helps with movement of the cell, and helps to transport materials through different parts of the cell, made of microfilaments and microtubules
Cytoskeleton
These contribute to cell movement, they are made of actins (structure proteins), they are found in the cytoskeleton
Microfilaments
Found in the cytoskeleton, made of tubulins, they make up the mitotic spindle, centrioles, and cilia and flagella
Microtubules
Made of microtubules, this helps separate chromosomes
Mitotic spindle
This helps to maintain cell division, made of microtubules, and is only found in animal cells
Centriole
Tiny hair like particles that aid in the movement of the cell or particles, they propel unicellular organisms (line respiratory tract)
Cilia
One long strand that aids in the movement of particles/the cell (found on sperm cells)
Flagella
This is produced by the nucleolus and it produces proteins that would be useful to the cell, made of RNA and protein in the nucleolus and then transported to the cytoplasm, has no membrane
Ribosome
The cell “highway”, moves molecules from one place to another, rough: ribosomes, smooth: no ribosomes
Endoplasmic reticulum
The form in which proteins travel to the Golgi apparatus from the endoplasmic reticulum
Vesicle
Known as the powerhouse of the cell, produces energy from compounds, transfers energy into ATP, it is most numerous in cells that need a lot of energy (muscle, liver)
Mitochondria
This helps with photosynthesis, it captures solar energy and turns it into chemical energy, it contains chlorophyll and is only found int plant cells
Chloroplast
A rigid structure that supports the cell, made pf cellulose and is only found in plant cells
Cell wall
The different systems within a cell, “little organs”, they help the cell to function
Organelles
This type of cell has a nucleus, is multicellular, and has membrane bound organelles
Eukaryotic cells
This type of cell has a nucleus but doesn’t enclose DNA in it, they had no membrane bound organelles, they are usually unicellular, and they release energy in the cytoplasm
Prokaryotic cells
This gives the cell membrane a flexible structure and a strong barrier between the cell and its surroundings
Lipid bilayer
Water loving
Hydrophilic
Water hating
Hydrophobic
When some substances can cross a membrane and some cannot
Selectively permeable
The driving force of particles across a cell membrane, requires no energy
Diffusion
When some particles cannot directly cross a membrane so they pass through special protein channels
Facilitated diffusion
Water channel proteins that allow water to pass right through them
Aquaporins
The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
Osmosis
When there is an equal amount of solute inside and outside the cell
Isotonic
High amounts of solute inside the cell
Hypertonic
High amounts of solute outside the cell
Hypotonic
The force produced by the net movement of water to go in or out of a cell
Osmotic pressure
The movement of particles against a concentration difference, requires energy
Active transport
The movement of materials into the cell by infoldings or pockets in the membrane
Endocytosis
When the membrane of the vacuole surrounding the material fuses with the cell membrane, forcing the contents out of the cell
Exocytosis
When cells in multicellular organisms play different roles
Cell specialization
A group of similar cells that perform a specific function
Tissue
This forms when many groups of tissue work together
Organ
A group of organs that perform a specific function
Organ system
A way for a cell to receive a specific signal, they can be on the membrane or in the cytoplasm
Receptor
When unicellular organisms maintain a constant physical and chemical condition, to maintain this cells respond to their environment, transform energy, and reproduce
Homeostasis
The process by which an organism becomes a mature adult
Development
The study of the interactions of living organisms with each other and their environment
Ecology
Planned procedure to test a hypothesis
Experiment
Trait that improves an individual’s ability to survive and reproduce
Adaptation
Statement that forecasts what would happen in a test situation if a hypothesis were correct
Prediction
The power to show details clearly in an image
Resolution
The ability to do work
Energy
All the chemical reactions that take place in an organism
Metabolism
The three dimensional region around a nucleus that indicates that probable location of an electron
Orbital
This is equal to the total number of its protons and electrons
Saturated solution
The attraction between molecules of a liquid that causes its surface to rise when in contact with a solid
Capillarity
Compounds made primarily of carbon atoms
Organic compound
The way monomers link together to form polymers
Condensation reaction
Stores energy in its bonds
ATP
Cluster of atoms that influences the characteristics of a molecule
Functional group
Place where a substrate fits into an enzyme
Active site
Process used to break down a polymer
Hydrolysis
Building blocks of DNA
Nucleotides
Flattened sac in a chloroplast
Thylakoid
Part of the cytoplasm
Cytosol
Green pigment
Chlorophyll
Interior of the cell
Cytoplasm
Keeps the cell membrane from collasping
Cytoskeleton
A chloroplast in one of these
Plastid
Double layer of phospholipids
Phospholipid bilayer
The jellylike liquid in the nucleus
Nucleoplasm
The packaging and distribution center of the cell
Golgi apparatus
Organelles that contain the cell’s digestive enzymes, breaks down waste
Lysosomes
The organelles that transfer energy from organic compounds to ATP
Mitochondria
A collection of identical cells that live together in a connected group
Colonial organism
The size of a cell is limited by its
Surface area to volume ratio
Does not require energy from the cell
Passive transport
Difference in the concentration of molecules across a soace
Concentration gradient
Concentration of molecules is equal throughout a space
Equillibrium
Transport protein through ions can pass
Ion channel
Protein used to transport specific substances across a membrane
Carrier protein
Passive transport using carrier proteins
Facilitated diffusion
An example of a cell membrane pump
Sodium potassium pump
Organelle that pumps water out of the cell
Central vacuole
The process by which light energy is converted to chemical energy
Photosynthesis
Organisms that use energy from sunlight or inorganic substances to make organic compounds
Autotrophs
Organisms that get energy by consuming food
Heterotrophs
Stack of thylakoids
Granum
A substance that absorbs light
Pigment
The primary pigment involved in photosynthesis
Chlorophyll
Absorb wavelengths of light different from those absorbed by chlorophyll
Carotenoids
The series of molecules down which excited electrons are passed in a thylakoid membrane
Electron transport chain
Incorporation of carbon dioxide into organic compounds
Carbon fixation
A series of enzyme assisted chemical reactions that produces a three carbon sugar molecule
Calvin cycle
CO2 foxed into four carbon compounds
C4 pathway
Water conserving process of carbon fixation
CAM Pathway
The process that relies on a concentration gradient of protons
Chemiosmosis
A series of reactions that involve pigments
Light reactions
Small pores in leaves
Stomata
Disk shaped structure inside chloroplasts
Thylakoids
Yeast use this process to convert pyruvic acid to ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide
Alcoholic fermentation
Three carbon product of gylcolosis
Pyruvic acid
Two carbon molecule
Acetyl COA
Process that produces large amounts of ATP
Aerobic respiration
Does not require oxygen
Anaerobic
Reduced electron carrier molecule that is oxidized when G3P is reduced
NAP+
The process in which cells make ATP by breaking down organic compounds
Cellular respiration
The space inside the inner membrane of a mitochondrion
Mitochondrial matrix
Electron carrier molecule similar to NAD+
FAD
Pathway in which two molecules of pyruvic acid are produced
Glyocolosis
Pathway that breaks down acetyl CoA producing CO2, hydrogen atoms, and ATP
Krebs Cycle
The recycling of NAD+ under anaerobic conditions
Fermentation
Unit of energy
Kilocalorie
