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Biology H > Biology Midterm > Flashcards

Biology Midterm Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

To provide natural explanations about events that happen in the natural world. Also to understand patterns in nature and make useful predictions

A

Goals of science

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2
Q

Involves observing and asking questions, making inferences and forming hypotheses, conducting controlled experiments, collecting and analyzing data, and drawing conclusions

A

Scientific methodology

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3
Q

The act of noticing and describing events or processes in a careful, orderly way.

A

Observation

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4
Q

A logical interpretation based on what scientists already know.

A

Inference

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5
Q

A scientific explanation for a set of observations can be tested in ways that support or reject it.

A

Hypothesis

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6
Q

An experiment where only one variable is changed, the other variables are kept unchanged.

A

Controlled experiment

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7
Q

The variable that is deliberately changed.

A

Independent variable

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8
Q

The variable that is observed or measured and changes in response to the independent variable.

A

Dependent variable

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9
Q

Receives no experimental treatment

A

Control group

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10
Q

Information that scientists gather, the two kinds are kind qualitative and quantitative.

A

Data

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11
Q

Curiosity, skepticism, open-mindedness, and creativity help scientists generate new ideas.

A

Scientific attitudes

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12
Q

This helps scientists to share their ideas and to test and evaluate someone’s work. It certifies that the work meets the standards of the scientific community.

A

Peer review

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13
Q

A well tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations and hypotheses and that enables scientists to make accurate predictions about new situations.

A

Theory

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14
Q

A particular preference or point of view that is personal, rather than scientific.

A

Bias

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15
Q

The study of life.

A

Biology

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16
Q

Complex information that all organisms store that they need to live, grow, and reproduce.

A

DNA

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17
Q

A signal to which an organism responds.

A

Stimulus

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18
Q

Cells from two parents untie to form the first cell of a new organism.

A

Sexual reproduction

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19
Q

When organisms keep their internal environment stable, even if external conditions change.

A

Homeostasis

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20
Q

A combination of chemical reactions when an organism builds up or breaks down materials.

A

Metabolism

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21
Q

An organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the natural world. It is a way of observing, thinking, and knowing. It also refers to a body of knowledge that has been gathered over the years

A

Science

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22
Q

Means “living planet”. In this living things are linked to one another and to the land, water, and air around them.

A

Biosphere

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23
Q

A single organism produces offspring identical to itself.

A

Asexual reproduction

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24
Q

The basic unit of matter

A

Atom

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25
Q

Protons and neutrons at the center of an atom

A

Nucleus

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26
Q

Negatively charged particle

A

Electron

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27
Q

Positively charged particle

A

Proton

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28
Q

Neutral particle

A

Neutron

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29
Q

A pure substance that consists entirely of type of atom, cannot be broken down

A

Element

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30
Q

Atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons they contain

A

Isotopes

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31
Q

A substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in definite proportions

A

Compound

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32
Q

When one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another, attraction between oppositely charged particles

A

Ionic bond

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33
Q

Positively and negatively charged atoms, an atom or molecule that has lost or gained one or more electrons

A

Ions

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34
Q

When atoms share electrons without transferring

A

Covalent bond

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35
Q

The smallest unit of most compounds, when atoms are joined together by covalent bonds

A

Molecule

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36
Q

The slight attraction between the oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules when molecules are close together

A

Van der waals forces

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37
Q

The attraction between a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge and another atom with a partial negative charge

A

Hydrogen bond

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38
Q

An attraction between two molecules of the same substance

A

Cohesion

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39
Q

Attraction between two molecules of different substances

A

Adhesion

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40
Q

Material composed of two or more elements or compounds that are physically mixed together but not chemically combined

A

Mixture

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41
Q

When ions are evenly dispersed in water or a solvent

A

Solution

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42
Q

The substance that is dissolved

A

Solute

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43
Q

Substance that the solute dissolves in

A

Solvent

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44
Q

Mixtures of water and undissolved material

A

Suspensions

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45
Q

A measurement system that indicates the concentration of H+ ions in a solution

A

pH scale

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46
Q

Any compounds that form H+ ions in a solution

A

Acid

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47
Q

A compound that produces hydroxide (OH-) ions in a solution

A

Base

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48
Q

Weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids and bases to prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH

A

Buffers

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49
Q

Smaller units in macromolecules

A

Monomer

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50
Q

Larger units in macromolecules

A

Polymers

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51
Q

Compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms

A

Carbohydrates

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52
Q

Single sugar molecules, they include galactose

A

Monosaccharides

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53
Q

Made mostly from carbon and hydrogen atoms

A

Lipids

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54
Q

Macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus

A

Nucleic acids

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55
Q

Consist of three parts: 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

A

Nucleotides

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56
Q

Compounds with an amino group on one end and a carboxyl group on the other end, building blocks of protein

A

Amino acids

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57
Q

Macromolecules that contain nitrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

A

Proteins

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58
Q

Elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction

A

Reactants

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59
Q

The elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction

A

Products

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60
Q

A process that changes, or transforms one set of chemicals into another

A

Chemical reactions

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61
Q

The energy needed to get a reaction started

A

Activation energy

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62
Q

A substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction

A

Catalyst

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63
Q

Proteins that act as biological catalysts

A

Enzymes

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64
Q

The reactants of enzyme-catalyzed reactions

A

Substrates

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65
Q

The basic unit of life

A

Cell

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66
Q

A fundamental concept of bioogy

A

Cell theory

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67
Q

A thin, flexible barrier surrounding cells, where particles pass in and out of the cell, made of lipids and proteins

A

Cell membrane

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68
Q

The control center of the cell that contains DNA

A

Nucleus

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69
Q

DNA that is bound to protein

A

Chromatin

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70
Q

Chromatin that coils up and becomes densely packed when a cell divides

A

Chromosones

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71
Q

A middle part of the nucleus, this is where ribosomes are produced

A

Nucleolus

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72
Q

Double membrane that surrounds the nucleus

A

Nuclear envelope

73
Q

Membrane bound organelle that store water, salts, proteins, and other waste

A

Vacuole

74
Q

Gives the cell structure, helps with movement of the cell, and helps to transport materials through different parts of the cell, made of microfilaments and microtubules

A

Cytoskeleton

75
Q

These contribute to cell movement, they are made of actins (structure proteins), they are found in the cytoskeleton

A

Microfilaments

76
Q

Found in the cytoskeleton, made of tubulins, they make up the mitotic spindle, centrioles, and cilia and flagella

A

Microtubules

77
Q

Made of microtubules, this helps separate chromosomes

A

Mitotic spindle

78
Q

This helps to maintain cell division, made of microtubules, and is only found in animal cells

A

Centriole

79
Q

Tiny hair like particles that aid in the movement of the cell or particles, they propel unicellular organisms (line respiratory tract)

A

Cilia

80
Q

One long strand that aids in the movement of particles/the cell (found on sperm cells)

A

Flagella

81
Q

This is produced by the nucleolus and it produces proteins that would be useful to the cell, made of RNA and protein in the nucleolus and then transported to the cytoplasm, has no membrane

A

Ribosome

82
Q

The cell “highway”, moves molecules from one place to another, rough: ribosomes, smooth: no ribosomes

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

83
Q

The form in which proteins travel to the Golgi apparatus from the endoplasmic reticulum

A

Vesicle

84
Q

Known as the powerhouse of the cell, produces energy from compounds, transfers energy into ATP, it is most numerous in cells that need a lot of energy (muscle, liver)

A

Mitochondria

85
Q

This helps with photosynthesis, it captures solar energy and turns it into chemical energy, it contains chlorophyll and is only found int plant cells

A

Chloroplast

86
Q

A rigid structure that supports the cell, made pf cellulose and is only found in plant cells

A

Cell wall

87
Q

The different systems within a cell, “little organs”, they help the cell to function

A

Organelles

88
Q

This type of cell has a nucleus, is multicellular, and has membrane bound organelles

A

Eukaryotic cells

89
Q

This type of cell has a nucleus but doesn’t enclose DNA in it, they had no membrane bound organelles, they are usually unicellular, and they release energy in the cytoplasm

A

Prokaryotic cells

90
Q

This gives the cell membrane a flexible structure and a strong barrier between the cell and its surroundings

A

Lipid bilayer

91
Q

Water loving

A

Hydrophilic

92
Q

Water hating

A

Hydrophobic

93
Q

When some substances can cross a membrane and some cannot

A

Selectively permeable

94
Q

The driving force of particles across a cell membrane, requires no energy

A

Diffusion

95
Q

When some particles cannot directly cross a membrane so they pass through special protein channels

A

Facilitated diffusion

96
Q

Water channel proteins that allow water to pass right through them

A

Aquaporins

97
Q

The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

A

Osmosis

98
Q

When there is an equal amount of solute inside and outside the cell

A

Isotonic

99
Q

High amounts of solute inside the cell

A

Hypertonic

100
Q

High amounts of solute outside the cell

A

Hypotonic

101
Q

The force produced by the net movement of water to go in or out of a cell

A

Osmotic pressure

102
Q

The movement of particles against a concentration difference, requires energy

A

Active transport

103
Q

The movement of materials into the cell by infoldings or pockets in the membrane

A

Endocytosis

104
Q

When the membrane of the vacuole surrounding the material fuses with the cell membrane, forcing the contents out of the cell

A

Exocytosis

105
Q

When cells in multicellular organisms play different roles

A

Cell specialization

106
Q

A group of similar cells that perform a specific function

A

Tissue

107
Q

This forms when many groups of tissue work together

A

Organ

108
Q

A group of organs that perform a specific function

A

Organ system

109
Q

A way for a cell to receive a specific signal, they can be on the membrane or in the cytoplasm

A

Receptor

110
Q

When unicellular organisms maintain a constant physical and chemical condition, to maintain this cells respond to their environment, transform energy, and reproduce

A

Homeostasis

111
Q

The process by which an organism becomes a mature adult

A

Development

112
Q

The study of the interactions of living organisms with each other and their environment

A

Ecology

113
Q

Planned procedure to test a hypothesis

A

Experiment

114
Q

Trait that improves an individual’s ability to survive and reproduce

A

Adaptation

115
Q

Statement that forecasts what would happen in a test situation if a hypothesis were correct

A

Prediction

116
Q

The power to show details clearly in an image

A

Resolution

117
Q

The ability to do work

A

Energy

118
Q

All the chemical reactions that take place in an organism

A

Metabolism

119
Q

The three dimensional region around a nucleus that indicates that probable location of an electron

A

Orbital

120
Q

This is equal to the total number of its protons and electrons

A

Saturated solution

121
Q

The attraction between molecules of a liquid that causes its surface to rise when in contact with a solid

A

Capillarity

122
Q

Compounds made primarily of carbon atoms

A

Organic compound

123
Q

The way monomers link together to form polymers

A

Condensation reaction

124
Q

Stores energy in its bonds

A

ATP

125
Q

Cluster of atoms that influences the characteristics of a molecule

A

Functional group

126
Q

Place where a substrate fits into an enzyme

A

Active site

127
Q

Process used to break down a polymer

A

Hydrolysis

128
Q

Building blocks of DNA

A

Nucleotides

129
Q

Flattened sac in a chloroplast

A

Thylakoid

130
Q

Part of the cytoplasm

A

Cytosol

131
Q

Green pigment

A

Chlorophyll

132
Q

Interior of the cell

A

Cytoplasm

133
Q

Keeps the cell membrane from collasping

A

Cytoskeleton

134
Q

A chloroplast in one of these

A

Plastid

135
Q

Double layer of phospholipids

A

Phospholipid bilayer

136
Q

The jellylike liquid in the nucleus

A

Nucleoplasm

137
Q

The packaging and distribution center of the cell

A

Golgi apparatus

138
Q

Organelles that contain the cell’s digestive enzymes, breaks down waste

A

Lysosomes

139
Q

The organelles that transfer energy from organic compounds to ATP

A

Mitochondria

140
Q

A collection of identical cells that live together in a connected group

A

Colonial organism

141
Q

The size of a cell is limited by its

A

Surface area to volume ratio

142
Q

Does not require energy from the cell

A

Passive transport

143
Q

Difference in the concentration of molecules across a soace

A

Concentration gradient

144
Q

Concentration of molecules is equal throughout a space

A

Equillibrium

145
Q

Transport protein through ions can pass

A

Ion channel

146
Q

Protein used to transport specific substances across a membrane

A

Carrier protein

147
Q

Passive transport using carrier proteins

A

Facilitated diffusion

148
Q

An example of a cell membrane pump

A

Sodium potassium pump

149
Q

Organelle that pumps water out of the cell

A

Central vacuole

150
Q

The process by which light energy is converted to chemical energy

A

Photosynthesis

151
Q

Organisms that use energy from sunlight or inorganic substances to make organic compounds

A

Autotrophs

152
Q

Organisms that get energy by consuming food

A

Heterotrophs

153
Q

Stack of thylakoids

A

Granum

154
Q

A substance that absorbs light

A

Pigment

155
Q

The primary pigment involved in photosynthesis

A

Chlorophyll

156
Q

Absorb wavelengths of light different from those absorbed by chlorophyll

A

Carotenoids

157
Q

The series of molecules down which excited electrons are passed in a thylakoid membrane

A

Electron transport chain

158
Q

Incorporation of carbon dioxide into organic compounds

A

Carbon fixation

159
Q

A series of enzyme assisted chemical reactions that produces a three carbon sugar molecule

A

Calvin cycle

160
Q

CO2 foxed into four carbon compounds

A

C4 pathway

161
Q

Water conserving process of carbon fixation

A

CAM Pathway

162
Q

The process that relies on a concentration gradient of protons

A

Chemiosmosis

163
Q

A series of reactions that involve pigments

A

Light reactions

164
Q

Small pores in leaves

A

Stomata

165
Q

Disk shaped structure inside chloroplasts

A

Thylakoids

166
Q

Yeast use this process to convert pyruvic acid to ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide

A

Alcoholic fermentation

167
Q

Three carbon product of gylcolosis

A

Pyruvic acid

168
Q

Two carbon molecule

A

Acetyl COA

169
Q

Process that produces large amounts of ATP

A

Aerobic respiration

170
Q

Does not require oxygen

A

Anaerobic

171
Q

Reduced electron carrier molecule that is oxidized when G3P is reduced

A

NAP+

172
Q

The process in which cells make ATP by breaking down organic compounds

A

Cellular respiration

173
Q

The space inside the inner membrane of a mitochondrion

A

Mitochondrial matrix

174
Q

Electron carrier molecule similar to NAD+

A

FAD

175
Q

Pathway in which two molecules of pyruvic acid are produced

A

Glyocolosis

176
Q

Pathway that breaks down acetyl CoA producing CO2, hydrogen atoms, and ATP

A

Krebs Cycle

177
Q

The recycling of NAD+ under anaerobic conditions

A

Fermentation

178
Q

Unit of energy

A

Kilocalorie

Biology H (5 decks)

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