Biology Chapter 10 Cell Division Test Flashcards
The production of genetically identical offspring from a single parent
Asexual reproduction
The fusion of parent cells to create an offspring that will inherit some genetic information from each parent cell
Sexual reproduction
Packages of DNA
Chromosomes
The bond between proteins and chromosomes
Chromatin
The series of events a cell goes through as they grow and divide
Cell cycle
The period of growth that a cell goes through, it’s everyday life
Interphase
The phase when cells do most of their growing, the cells synthesize their proteins and organelles
G1 phase
During this phase DNA is synthesized and chromosomes are replicated, at the end of this phase the cell contains twice as much DNA as it did in the beginning
S phase
During this phase many of the organelles and molecules needed for cell division are produced
G2 phase
During this phase cell division takes place
M phase
The division of the nucleus
Mitosis
The division of the cytoplasm
Cytokinesis
During this phase of mitosis the DNA condenses and duplicated chromosomes become visible, the mitotic spindle also begins to form
Prophase
The area where chromatids are attached
Centromere
Each DNA strand in the duplicated chromosome
Chromatid
An organelle that helps with the mitotic spindle
Centriole
The phase when the centromeres of line up across the center of the cell, the spindle fibers connect the centromeres to the two poles of the spindle
Metaphase
During this phase the chromatids separate becoming single chromosomes, they move along the spindle fibers to opposite ends of the cell
Anaphase
During this phase chromosomes begin spread into a tangle of chromatin
Telophase
Proteins that regulate the cell division process
Cyclins
Proteins that regulate the events occurring inside the cell
Internal regulators
Proteins regulating the events occurring outside the cell
External regulators
These stimulate the growth and division of cells
Growth factors
The process of programmed cell death, helps to shape special organs and tissue
Apoptosis
A disorder in which the body loses the ability to control cell division and growth
Cancer
A mass of cancer cells
Tumor
Causes of cancer
Radiation, smoking, defect in genes especially the p53 gene
A developmental stage that starts produced cells and differentiating them
Embryo
The process by which cells become specialized
Differentiation
Being able to produce or form anything, any type of cell
Totipotent
A hallow ball of cells with cluster of cells inside called the inner cell mass
Blastocyst
When a cell can develop into most, but not all cell types
Pluripotent
Cells that produce other cells
Stem cells
Adult stem cells are referred to as this because they can develop in many types of differentiated cells, but not all
Multipotent
The process by which a cell divides into two daughter cells
Cell division
