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GCSE Biology > Biology: Infection and Response > Flashcards

Biology: Infection and Response Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a pathogen

A

microorganisms that enter the body and cause disease

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2
Q

what are the four types of pathogen

A

bacteria, viruses, protists, fungi

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3
Q

describe bacteria and how they cause disease

A

very small single celled organisms that can reproduce rapidly. They release toxins that damage your cells

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4
Q

describe virus and how they cause disease

A

very small organisms that reproduce rapidly. They replicate in a cell causing it to burst or damage it

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5
Q

describe protists and how they cause disease

A

single celled eurkaryotics. Some work as parasites that cause damage

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6
Q

describe fungi and how they cause disease

A

can be single celled. Grow and penetrate human skin and the surface of plants

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7
Q

what 3 ways can pathogens spread

A

water, air and direct contact

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8
Q

what is measles and how is it spread

A

viral disease spread by droplets

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9
Q

name 2 symptoms of measles

A

red skin rash, fever

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10
Q

what are the consequences of measles and what are the treatments

A

fatality, pneumonia or brain infection. Vaccinations

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11
Q

what is HIV and how is it spread

A

viral infection spread by exchange of bodily fluids

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12
Q

name the symptom of HIV

A

flu like symptons

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13
Q

what are the treatments for HIV

A

antiretrovial drugs but not cure

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14
Q

what is TMV

A

Tobacco Mosaic Virus

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15
Q

name 3 symptoms of TMV

A

mosaic pattern on leaves and discolouration, stunted growth

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16
Q

what is Rose Black Spot

A

fungal disease for plants

17
Q

name 3 symptoms of Rose Black Spot

A

purple or black spots, leaves fall off, stunted growth

18
Q

how can you stop Rose Black Spot

A

Burn infected plants

19
Q

what is Malaria

A

Protist disease. Parasite carried by the vector Mosquito

20
Q

what can Malaria cause

A

fever and fatality

21
Q

how can you prevent malaria

A

Insecticides

22
Q

what is the most important part of your immune system

A

White Blood cell

23
Q

what are phagocytes and how do they work

A

white blood cells that engulf and digest foreign cells

24
Q

what are antibodies and how they work

A

proteins that attach to antigens and destroy the pathogen

25
Q

what are the three main stages of drug testing

A

testing on cells, testing on animals, human trials

26
Q

what is a placebo

A

substance that looks like the drug but doesnt actually do anything

27
Q

how do you make monoclonal antibodies 6 steps

A 
inject animal with antigen
make a fast dividing tumour cell
take the B-lymphocytes from mouse
Fuse B-Lymphocyte with tumour cell
this makes a hybridomas cell
it divides quickly to produce lots of clones that produce the monoclonal antibodies
28
Q

what are monoclonal antibodies used for

A

Pregnancy tests
Treating disease
Find specific substances

29
Q

what are six common signs of diseases in plants

A 
stunted growth
spots on leaves
patches of decay
abnormal growths
malformed stems or leaves
discolouration
30
Q

what are the three types of defences that plants can have

A

physical, chemical mechanical

31
Q

give 3 examples of physical defences and how they protect the plant

A

waxy cuticle - provides physical barrier
cell walls - form physical barrier
layers of dead cells - form physical barrier

32
Q

give 2 examples of chemical defences and how they protect plants

A

Antibacterial chemical - kill bacteria

Poison - deter herbivores

33
Q

give 3 examples of mechanical defence and how they protect plants

A

thorns/hairs - stop animals from touching or eating
leaves that drop or curl - Move away or knock off insects
Mimic other organisms - scares of other organisms

GCSE Biology (7 decks)

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