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GCSE Biology > Biology: Homeostasis and Response > Flashcards

Biology: Homeostasis and Response Flashcards

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1
Q

what is homeostasis

A

maintaining a stable internal environment

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2
Q

what is negative feedback

A

action the body takes to counteract changes in levels of a substance in the body

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3
Q

what happens when a substances levels are too high (3 steps)

A

receptor detects a stimulus - level is too high
the coordination centre receives and processes the information, then organise a response
effector produces a response, which counteracts the change and restores the optimum level - the level decreases

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4
Q

what happens when a substances levels are too low (3 steps)

A

receptor detects a stimulus - level is too low
the coordination centre receives and processes the information, then organise a response
effector produces a response, which counteracts the change and restores the optimum level - the level increases

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5
Q

what are the 5 pars of the Nervous System

A

Receptors, Sensory Neurones, CNS, Motor Neurones, Effectors

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6
Q

what happens when the CNS coordinates the response

A

stimulus, receptor, sensory neurone, CNS, motor neurone, effector, response

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7
Q

what are synapses

A

connection between two neurones

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8
Q

what are the three parts of the brain you need to know about

A

cerebral cortex, medulla, cerebellum

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9
Q

what is the function of the cerebral cortex

A

Responsible for things like consciousness, intelligence, memory and language

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10
Q

what is the function of the medulla

A

controls unconscious activities like breathing and heart rate

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11
Q

what is the function of the cerebellum

A

responsible for muscle coordination

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12
Q

what are the 9 parts of the eye

A 
suspensory ligaments
iris
cornea
pupil
lens
ciliary muscles
sclera
optic nerve
retina
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13
Q

what is the sclera

A

tough supporting wall of the eye

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14
Q

what is the cornea

A

transparent outer layer found at the front of the eye that refracts light into the eye

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15
Q

what is the iris

A

contains muscle that allows it to control the diameter of the pupil and how much light enters the eye

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16
Q

what is the pupil

A

hole in the middle of the eye

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17
Q

what is the lens

A

focuses the light onto the retina

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18
Q

what is the retina

A

receptor cells at the back of the eye that are sensitive to light intensity and colour

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19
Q

what is the function of the ciliary muscles and suspensory ligaments

A

control shape of the lens

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20
Q

what is the optic nerve

A

carries impulses from the retina to the brain

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21
Q

what are the two types of muscles in the iris

A

circular muscles and radial muscles

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22
Q

what does the iris do in very bright light

A

circular muscles contract, radial muscles relax which educes the diameter of the pupil

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23
Q

what does the iris do in dim light

A

radial muscles contract, circular muscles relax making pupil wider

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24
Q

what does the eye do when objects are close to the eye

A

ciliary muscles contract which relaxes the suspensory ligaments making the lens more curved/fat increasing the amount of refraction

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25
Q

what does the eye do when objects are far away from the eye

A

ciliary muscles relax which causes the suspensory ligaments to contract making the lens thinner decreasing refraction

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26
Q

what are long sighted people unable to do

A

focus on objects close to the eye

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27
Q

how are they long sighted

A

lens is wrong shape and unable to correctly refract light onto the retina. The image focuses behind the retina

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28
Q

what is another word for long sighted

A

hyperopia

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29
Q

what are the treatments for hyperopia

A

glasses with a convex lens that refract light more bringing image closer

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30
Q

what are short sighted people unable to do

A

focus on distant objects

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31
Q

how are they short sighted

A

lens ins wrong shape and refracts light too much so object focuses before retina

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32
Q

what is another word for short sighted

A

myopia

33
Q

what is the treatment for myopia

A

use glasses with concave lens that refracts light less pushing the focus point further back

34
Q

what are the three treatments for vision defects

A

contact lenses/glasses
laser eye surgery
replacement lens surgery

35
Q

how does laser eye surgery work

A

vaporises cornea tissue that is constricting the lens

36
Q

what is the internal temperature of the body and why

A

37C because it is the optimum temperature fro enzymes

37
Q

what two things happen when the body is too hot

A

sweat produced to transfer energy to environment

vasodilation - blood vessels dilate so blood flows closer to surface and transfer energy to environment

38
Q

what three things when happen when the body is too cold

A

hairs stand up to trap insulating layer of air
vasoconstriction - blood vessels constrict to cut off supply to skin
shivering which is auto contraction of muscles which requires respiration transferring energy

39
Q

what is the endocrine system

A

hormonal system

40
Q

what are the six organs that are part of the endocrine system

A 
pituitary gland
thyroid
ovaries
adrenal gland
testes
pancreas
41
Q

what hormones does the pituitary gland produce and what is their function

A

many hormones that regulate body conditions and release hormones form other glands

42
Q

what hormones does the thyroid produce and what is their function

A

thyroxine which regulates metabolism rate, heart rate, temperature

43
Q

what hormones do the ovaries produce and what is their fucntion

A

oestrogen which is part of the menstrual cycle

44
Q

what hormones does the adrenal gland produce and what is their function

A

adrenaline which prepares body for fight or flight situations

45
Q

what hormones do the testes produce and what is their function

A

testosterone which controls puberty and sperm production

46
Q

what hormones does the pancreas produce and what is their function

A

insulin which regulates blood glucose level

47
Q

what are the three differences between a nervous and hormonal response

A

nerves are fast action over a short period of time in a specific area whereas hormones are slower action over a long period of time in a general way

48
Q

what to hormones are involved in controlling blood glucose levels

A

insulin and glucagon

49
Q

what happens when blood glucose levels are too high and why

A

insulin is secreted by pancreas diffusing glucose into liver where it is converted into glycogen

50
Q

what happens when blood glucose levels are too low and why

A

glucagon is secreted by pancreas where it makes liver convert glycogen into glucose

51
Q

what is diabetes type 1

A

pancreas does not produce enough insulin

52
Q

how is type 1 diabetes treated

A

insulin injection

53
Q

what is type 2 diabetes

A

the body produces insulin but it doesn’t respond to it

54
Q

how is type 2 diabetes treated

A

controlled diet and regular exercise

55
Q

what does the kidney do

A

filters blood

56
Q

what substances in the blood does the kidney filter

A

protein, cells, water, salts, minerals, urea, glucose

57
Q

what substances are extracted from the blood first

A

water, salts, minerals, glucose, urea

58
Q

what substances are diffused back into the blood stream

A

glucose, minerals, required amount of water

59
Q

what substances are sent to the bowels

A

urea, excess water and salts

60
Q

what hormones controls the concentration of urine

A

anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)

61
Q

what does more ADH mean

A

more water is reabsorbed

62
Q

what are the two treatments for kidney failure

A

dialysis, kidney transplant

63
Q

give one pro and one con of dialysis

A

no chance of rejection, time consuming/restricting

64
Q

give one pro and one con of kidney transplant

A

long term solution, chance of rejection

65
Q

what is the main reproductive hormone in men

A

testerone

66
Q

what is the main reproductive hormone in women

A

oestrogen

67
Q

how many stages are there in the menstrual cycle

A

4

68
Q

what is stage one of the menstrual cycle

A

day 1 - menstruation starts uterus lining breaks down

69
Q

what is stage two of the menstrual cycle

A

day 4-14 - uterus lining builds up again

70
Q

what is stage three of the menstrual cycle

A

egg is developed and released at day 14 also known as ovuation

71
Q

what is stage four of the menstrual cycle

A

day 14-28 - uterus lining is maintained so a fertilised egg may land

72
Q

what four hormones control the menstrual cycle

A

FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone), Oestrogen, LH (Luteinisng hormone), Progesterone

73
Q

where is each of the four homrones that control the menstrual cycle produced

A

FSH- Pituitary gland
Oestrogen- Ovaries
LH- Pituitary gland
Progesterone- Ovaries

74
Q

what does each of the four hormones that control the menstrual cycle do

A

FSH- help egg mature into follicle and stimulate release of oestrogen
Oestrogen- Cause uterus lining to grow and stimulate release of LH
LH- stimulates ovulation
Progesterone- Maintians uterus lining

75
Q

what 6 methods can be used to prevent pregnancy

A 
condoms
diaphragm
spermicide
sterilisation
abstinence
hormonal production control
76
Q

what two methods can be used to increase fertility

A

controlling production

IVF

77
Q

what is Auxin

A

Plant hormone that controls growth near the tips of shoots and roots

78
Q

what is Gibberellin

A

Plant hormone that controls seed germination, stem growth and flowering

79
Q

what is Ethene

A

Gas produced by ageing parts of a plant that stimulates ripening of fruit

GCSE Biology (7 decks)

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