Biology (health, disease and development of medicines)

Question 1

Communicable diseases-

Answer 1

Diseases that can be spread between individuals

Question 2

Non-communicable diseases-

Answer 2

Can’t be transmitted between individuals.

Question 3

Physical well-being=

Answer 3

Being free from disease, eating and sleeping well, getting regular activity, and limiting the intake of harmful substances such as alcohol and drugs.

Question 4

Social well-being=

Answer 4

How well you get on with others and also how your surroundings affect you.

Question 5

Mental well-being=

Answer 5

How you feel about yourself.

Question 6

Genetic disorder (genetic disease)

Answer 6

A type of non-communicable disease caused by faulty alleles of genes. Genetic disorders can be passed to offspring but not to any other person.

Question 7

Malnutrition-

Answer 7

Another non-communicable disease as a result of poor diet. Occurs when you get little or too much of particular nutrients.

Question 8

Cardiovascular disease-

Answer 8

A result of the circulatorysystem functioning poorly.

Question 9

How do you work out the BMI.

Answer 9

Mass (kg) divided by height (m)

Question 10

Waist:hip.

Answer 10

gives a better method to measuring abdominal fat.

Waist circumference divided by hip circumference

Question 11

Physical barriers-

Answer 11

The skin acts as a barrier to pathogens, and, if it gets damaged, blood clots quickly seal cuts and keep microorganisms out.

Hairs and mucus in your nose trap particles

Cells in your trachea and bronchi also produce mucus, which traps pathogens. Other cells that line the trachea and bronchi have cilia. These are hair-like structures which waft the mucus up to the back of the throat where it can be swallowed.

Question 12

Chemical barriers-

Answer 12

The stomach produces hydrochloride acid
This kills most pathogens that are swallowed.

The eyes produce a chemical called lysozyme (in tears) which kills bacteria on the surface of the eye.

Question 13

Viruses-

Answer 13

Are not true organisms, because they do not have a cellular structure. They multiply by taking over the cells DNA- copying processes to make new viruses.

Question 14

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

Answer 14

Attacks and destroys white blood cells in the immune system. People with HIV often develop AIDS because their immune systems cannot protect them from secondary infections.

Question 15

Immunisation

Answer 15

Involves injecting dead or inactive pathogens into the body. They are antigenic, so even though they’re harmless your body makes antibodies to help destroy them.
The antigens trigger memory lymphocytes to be made.
So if live pathogens get into the body, there will already be memory lymphocytes that can cause a fast secondary immune response.

Question 16

Risk factors-

Answer 16

Are things that are linked to an increase in the likelihood that a person will develop a certain disease during their lifetime.

Question 17

Vectors-

Answer 17

Organisms that carry pathogens from one person to the next.

Question 18

All cells and virus particles have molecules on their outer surface, called pathogens.

Answer 18

.

Question 19

Antibiotics

Answer 19

Substances that kill or inhibit their cell processes which stops them growing or reproducing.