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Biology > Biology Final Study Guide > Flashcards

Biology Final Study Guide Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Dual Definition of evolution

A

Change and Common Ancestry

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2
Q

Common Ancestry(Dual Definition of Evolution)

A

All species of organisms are related through common ancestors and have descended from those older forms of life, starting with the first unicellular organisms 3.5 billion years ago.

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3
Q

Evolutionary Trees (aka phylogenetic trees)

A

Diagrams based on fossil and DNA evidence that show evolutionary relationships between groups of organisms

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4
Q

Mechanisms of evolution (how do populations change?)

A

Lamarck 1809Believed organisms could acquire new traits by use or disuse of body parts and then pass on those traits to their offspring.

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5
Q

Why was Lamarck wrong?

A
  1. Use/disuse of body parts doesn’t change the genes. The acquired trait wouldn’t be passed to the offspring.2. Use/disuse of body parts would require animals and plants to consciously adjust to environmental change. Most can not do this.3. No evidence or experiments support this hypothesis.
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6
Q

What did Charles Darwin believe in?

A

Natural SelectionGenetic variation in same speciesOrganisms produce more off spring than can surviveStruggle for existenceIndividuals suited to their environment surviveTraits of the fittest are passed on

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7
Q

Organisms tend to produce More offspring than can survive

A

Lack of food, space, water, light, predation pressures, disease

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8
Q

There is a struggle for existence.

A

Some individuals compete better due to their genetic differences.

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9
Q

Individuals best suited to their environment

A

Survive and reproduce more often.

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10
Q

The beneficial traits of the fittest

A

Passed on to the offspring and those traits will become more common in the population over time.

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11
Q

Natural selection

A

Environment selects those traits that convey survival advantage.

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12
Q

Artificial selection-

A

Humans modify a species by breeding it for curtain traits

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13
Q

Sexual selection

A

When having certain traits increases mating success

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14
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribo nucleic acid

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15
Q

What is in all living cells

A

Nucleic acid

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16
Q

Who discovered DNA stores and transmits genetic information from one generation to the next?

A

Avery

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17
Q

What directs cell functioning?

A

DNA

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18
Q

What are nucleotides

A

Long repeating chain of smaller units

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19
Q

What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide.

A

Sugar, phosphate, and the base

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20
Q

What are the 4 types of bases.

A

Thymine, Adeline, Guanine, and Cytosine

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21
Q

What is the base pairing rule?

A

Thymine and Adeline pairGuanine and Cytosine pair

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22
Q

What are the for steps of replication?

A
  1. DNA gets unzipped between base pairs.2. DNA Polymerase assists free nucleotides in base pairing.3. DNA Polymerase corrects any errors.4. Sugar-phosphate bonds are sealed
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23
Q

Biome Definition

A

Group of ecosystems that cover a large area and is characterized by certain soil, climate plants and animals.

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24
Q

Tundra

A

Strong winds, ground-hugging plans, mosses, lichens, sedges,shore birds, musk ox, arctic foxes northern North America, Asia, and Eroupe.

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25
Q

Tropical Rain forest

A

Home to more species than all other biomes combined. Hot/wet year roundBroad leaf trees, ferns, vines, climbing plants, orchidsSloths, jaguars, monkeys, toucans, butterfliesSouth & Central America, SE Asia! India & NE Australia

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26
Q

Desert

A

Low rain fall, soil is rich in materials, cacti, mountain lions, gray foxes, and bobcats. Africa, Asia, the Middle East, US, Mexico, South America and Australia.

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27
Q

Temperate Grassland

A

Warm hot summers, cold winters, lush plant life, seasonal rainfall, coyotes, bears, and wolves. Central Asia, North America, Australia, central Eroupe, and upland plateaus of South America.

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28
Q

Savanna

A

Warm seasonal rain fall tall grasses drought resistant trees or shrubs. Lions, leopards, cheetahs. Large parts of Eastern Africa, southern Brazil, and northern Australia.

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29
Q

Temperate Forest

A

Cold winters, warm summers, broadleaf deciduous trees, flowers, deer, black bears, bobcats, eastern US, southeastern Canada, most of Eroupe, and parts of the Japan, China, and Australia.

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30
Q

Temperate Woodland / scrubland (chaparral)

A

Hot, dry summers, moist winters, woody evergreen shrubs, coyotes, foxes,and Bobcats. Western coasts of North and South America, areas around the Mediterranean Sea, South Africa, and Australia.

31
Q

Freshwater

A

Bogs marshes and swamps

32
Q

Trophic levels ( producer, consumer, decomposer)

A

Each step in a food chain or food web.Producers are first levelConsumers are second, third or higher tropic levelsDecomposers

33
Q

Food chain

A

Energy stored by producers can be passed through an ecosystem.

34
Q

Food Web

A

Feeding relationships among various organisms in an ecosystem forms a network of complex interactions.

35
Q

Energy Pyramids

A

10% of energy available with one tropic level is transferred to organisms at next tropic level.

36
Q

Water Cycle

A

CondensationPrecipitationRunoff SeepageRoot UptakeEvaporation

37
Q

Carbon Cycle

A

Biological processes like photosynthesis, respiration, and decomposition take up and release carbon and oxygen Geochemical processes - erosion, volcanic activity, release carbon dioxide to the atmosphere and ocean Mixed biogeo chemical processes - burial and decomposition of dead organisms and conversion to coal and fossil fuelsHuman activity - mining cutting/burning forests, burn fossil fuels and release carbon dioxide into atmosphere.

38
Q

Phosphorus Cycle

A

Land - organisms - animals - landLand - ocean - sediments - landOcean - marine organisms - fish - ocean

39
Q

Definition of Biodiversity

A

The sum total of the genetically based variety of all organisms in the biosphere.

40
Q

Ways to preserve biodiversity

A

Conservation - wise management of natural resources

41
Q

Global warming

A

Increase in average temperature of the biosphere

42
Q

DNA Location

A

In chromosomes of each cell

43
Q

DNA Function

A

Store and transmit heredity

44
Q

Nucleotides

A

Made of a 5 carbon sugar (deoxyribose), a phosphate group, nitrogenous base that makes DNA

45
Q

Base Pairing

A

Hydrogen bonds can form only between adenine and thymine or guanine and cytosine

46
Q

Replication

A

The DNA molecule separates into 2 strands and produces two new complementary strands

47
Q

RNA

A

Ribonucleic Acid that contain coded info to makin proteins. The 3 main types are messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA and transfer RNA.

48
Q

RNA compared to DNA

A

The cell uses the vital DNA master plan within the nucleus to prepare RNA blueprints at the protein building sites in the cytoplasm

49
Q

DNA fingerprinting

A

Analyzes sections of DNA that vary widely from one individual to another

50
Q

Restriction enzyme

A

Used to cut DNA into fragments contains genes and repeats

51
Q

Electrophoresis

A

DNA fragments are separated according to size using gel electrophoresis.

52
Q

Human Genome Project

A

On going effort to analyze human DNA sequence.

53
Q

Cloning

A

Member of population with genetically identical cells produced from a single cell.

54
Q

Stem Cells

A

Every cell was produced by mitosis from a small number of cells called stem cells that are Unspecialized that have the potential to become a wide variety of specialized cells

55
Q

Definition of a Gene

A

Coded DNA instructions that control the production of proteins within the cell.

56
Q

Transcription

A

Process where RNA molecules are produced by copying part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA into complementary sequence in RNA.

57
Q

mRNA

A

Messenger RNA messengers from DNA to rest of the cell.

58
Q

Translation

A

When the cell uses information from messenger RNA to produce proteins

59
Q

Codons

A

Consists of three consecutive nucleotides that specify a single amino acid that is to be added to the polypeptide.

60
Q

tRNA

A

Transfer RNA brings the proper amino acid into the ribosome

61
Q

Anti codons

A

3 unpaired bases in in tRNA and are complementary to one mRNA

62
Q

Mutations

A

Changes to genetic material

63
Q

Speciation

A

Formation of new species

64
Q

Reproductive Isolation

A

Members of two populations can not interbreed and produce fertile offspring.

65
Q

Genetic Drift

A

In a smaller population an allele can become more or less common simply by chance rather than because it has positive or negative effects on fitness.

66
Q

Fossils

A

Provides evidence about the history of Life on Earth and shows different organisms have changed over time.

67
Q

Homologous organs

A

Different mature forms but develop from the same embryonic tissues

68
Q

Embryo logic Comparisons

A

In early stages (embryo) many animals with backbones are similar

69
Q

Biochemical comparisons

A

Comparison between 2 living things

70
Q

Convergent Evolution

A

Unrelated organisms come to resemble one another

71
Q

Adaptive Radiation

A

Single or small group of species has evolved into diverse forms that live in different ways.

72
Q

Mass extinctions

A

At the end of the Paleozoic many organisms died out.

73
Q

Coevolution

A

Two species evolve in response to changes in each other over time.

74
Q

Vestigial organs

A

Organs so reduced in size they become traces of the organ ( miniature legs, tails etc.)

Biology (8 decks)

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