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biology 110 > Biology Final Exam > Flashcards

Biology Final Exam Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Ecology

A

is the study of the interactions between the organisms and also between the organisms and their environment

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2
Q

Ecology can be studied at what levels?

A

anything ranging from individual to global

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3
Q

Ecology provides _______________ that underlies environmental issues

A

the scientific understanding

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4
Q

How many levels are there to ecology?

A

6

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5
Q

level 1 of ecology: organismal ecology

A

studies how an organisms anatomy, physiology and behavior is affected in response to environmental challenges

adaptations that enable individuals to live in specific habitats are also studied at this level

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6
Q

level 2 of ecology: population ecology

A

studies factors that affect individuals of the same species in a certain area

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7
Q

level 3 of ecology: community ecology

A

deals with the different species in a community (an assembly of several different populations (or species) living in a certain geographic area)

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8
Q

level 4 of ecology: ecosystem ecology

A

studies the flow of energy and recycling of chemical nutrients among plants, animals and microorganisms

interactions between biotic and abiotic factors (H20, chemicals, plants, animals, microbes) are most widely studied

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9
Q

level 5 of ecology: landscape ecology

A

deals with improving the ecological processes in a certain ecosystem in order to make it the most efficient

example of some ecological processes are: water cycles, energy flow & biogeochemical cycles

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10
Q

level 6 of ecology: global ecology

A

the study of the interactions among the earths ecosystems, land, atmosphere and oceans

it examines the influence of energy and materials on organisms across the biospher

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11
Q

it has been found that interactions between organisms and the environment _____ the distribution of species

A

limits

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12
Q

two kinds of factors the determine geographic distribution of species:

A

abiotic and biotic

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13
Q

biotic

A

living factors

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14
Q

abiotic

A

non-living factors

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15
Q

biotic and abiotic factors that influence distribution of a species

A
  1. dispersal
  2. predation
  3. behavior
  4. climate
  5. competition
  6. water and oxygen
  7. sunlight and temperature
  8. chemical nutrient
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16
Q

community

A

an assembly of populations of different species living in a certain geographic area

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17
Q

interspecific interactions

A

the relationships between species in a community

ex. competition, predation, herbivory, and symbiosis (parasitism, mutualism and commensalism)

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18
Q

interspecific interactions affect the survival and reproduction of species, and such effects can be summarized as…

A

positive (+)
negative (-)
no effect (0)

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19
Q

interspecific competition (-/- interaction)

A

occurs when species compete for a resource in short supply

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20
Q

______ competition can lead to competition exclusion

A

strong, local elimination of a competing species

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21
Q

ecological niche

A

a species total use of biotic and abiotic resources, also thought of as an organism’s ecological role

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22
Q

resource partitioning

A

differentiation of ecological niches, enabling similar species to coexist in a community (ensures species don’t drive each others into extinction)
ex. lion and hyena which feed on the same prey learn to coexist, sometimes making their territories and confining to those regions and other times by sharing their kill

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23
Q

predation (+/- interaction)

A

refers to interaction where one species, the predator, kills and other, the prey get eaten

postive for the predator but negative for the prey

predators have the upper hand with claws, teeth, fangs, and poison

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24
Q

behavioral defenses endowed by natural selection to avoid prey from being completely wiped out

A

hiding, forming herds, danger alarm and some morphological defense adaptations

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25
Q

cryptic coloration

A

camouflage, makes prey difficult to spot

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26
Q

herbivory (+/-) interaction

A

refers to an interaction in which an herbivore eats parts of a plant or alga

positive for herbivore, negative for plant

has led to evolution of plants mechanical and chemical defenses such as: thorns, poisons, chemical signaling, idioblasts, housing aggressive plants

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27
Q

plants counter defense

A
  1. thorns
  2. chemical signaling (volatile organic compounds) to warn other plants
  3. housing and feeding aggressive ants that protect plants against herbivores
  4. plants poisons (like castor bean-dervied ricin)
  5. idioblats (cells that act as landmines, firing prickly calcium oxalate crystals into the mouths of predator and then release an enzyme that is very similar to reptilian venom
28
Q

symbiosis

A

relationship where two or more species live in direct and intimate contact with each other

29
Q

mutualism (+,+ interaction)

A

benefits both species, can be one where one species cannot survive without the other or when both can survive alone

30
Q

commensalism (+,0)

A

one species benefits while the other is apparently unaffected, hard to document in nature because any close association likely affects both species

31
Q

parasitism (+,-)

A

when the parasite derives nourishment from another organism and its host is harmed in the process

32
Q

endoparasites

A

parasites that live within the body of their host

33
Q

ectoparasites

A

parasites that live on the external surface of a host

34
Q

two fundamental features that determine a communities structure

A
  1. species diversity of a community is the variety of organisms that make up the community
  2. trophic structure is the feeding relationships between organisms in a community (linked with the help of a food train)
35
Q

food web

A

complex assembly of interlocking and interdependent food chains

36
Q

food web show ______

A

complex trophic interactions

37
Q

species may play a role in _____ than one trophic level

A

more

38
Q

the length of food chains are ______ and the 2 hypotheses that attempt to explain this limitation are:

A

limited

energetic and dynamic stability hypothesis

39
Q

energetic hypotheses

A

suggests that length is limited by inefficient energy transfer

40
Q

dynamic stability hypotheses

A

proposes that long food chains are less stable than short ones

41
Q

4 kinds of species that most influence community structure:

A
  1. dominant
  2. invasive
  3. keystone
  4. foundation
42
Q

_________ and ________ exert the strongest controls on community structure

A

dominant and keystone

43
Q

dominant species

A

those that are the most abundant or have the highest biomass, exert powerful control over the occurrence and distribution of other species by being most competitive in exploring resources or by being the most successful in avoiding predators

44
Q

biomass

A

total mass of all individuals in a population

45
Q

invasive species

A

can be any kind of living organism- a plant, insect, fish, fungus, bacteria or animals, that is not native to an ecosystem and which causes harm
ex. non-native pigeon, european starling, eurasian collared dove, feral hog, european wood wasp, emerald ash borer, gypsy moth, japanese butterfly, asian long horned beetels

46
Q

direct threats of invasive species

A
  • preying on native species
  • depleting resources of native species
  • causing disease
  • preventing native species from reproducing
47
Q

keystone species

A

exert strong control on a community by their ecological role or niches
ex. great whites scavenging the sea floor for dead carcasses preventing the spread of disease

not necessarily abundant

48
Q

foundation species (ecosystem engineers)

A

cause physical changes in the environment and strongly affect community structure
ex. beavers

49
Q

facilitators

A

foundation species that have a positive effect on survival and reproduction of some other species in the community

50
Q

bottom-up model

A

a unidirectional influence from lower to higher trophic levels

presence or absence of mineral nutrients determines community structure, including absence of primary producers

51
Q

top down model

A

control comes from the trophic level above, predators control herbivores which in turn controls primary producers

52
Q

for a long time ecologists favored the view that communities are in a state of _______

A

equilibrium

53
Q

non-equilibrium model

A

communities constantly change after being affected by a disturbance

54
Q

disturbance

A

an event that changes a community, removes organisms from it and alters resource availability

55
Q

______ and _______ are the most significant disturbances in a terrestrial ecosystem

A

fire and floods

56
Q

intermediate disturbance hypothesis

A

suggests that moderate levels of disturbance can foster greater diversity than high or low levels of disturbance

57
Q

_____ levels of disturbance exclude many slow-growing species, whereas ____ levels of disturbance allow dominant species to exclude less competitive species

A

high, low

58
Q

ecological succession

A

the gradual process by which ecosystems change and develop over time

59
Q

primary succession

A

series of community changes which occur on an entirely new habitat which has never been colonized before
ex. a newly dig out rock face or sand dunes

60
Q

secondary succession

A

series of community changes which take place on a previously colonized, but disturbed or damaged habitat
ex. forest populating again after a fire

61
Q

early arriving species and later arriving species may be linked in one of three processes:

A
  • early arrivals may facilitate appearance of later species by making the environment favorable
  • they may inhibit establishment of later species
  • they may tolerate later species but have no impact on their environment
62
Q

______ and ________ are two key factors that affect a community’s species diversity (biodiversity)

A

latitude and area

63
Q

______ is likely the primary cause of biodiversity

A

climate

two main factors correlated with biodiversity are solar energy and water availability which can be measured by the rate of evapotranspiration

64
Q

evapotranspiration

A

is evaportation of water from soil plus transpirtation of water from plants

65
Q

species-area curve

A

quantifies the idea that, all other factors being equal, a larger geographic area has more species

ex. gallapagos islands

66
Q

pathogens

A

disease causing microbes, which exist as viruses, viorids and prions

can quickly and extensively wipe out an entire community

flu epidemic of 1918, 30 mill ppl died

human activities transport pathogens around the world at unprecedented rates

can be direcrt or through an intermediate species called a vector

67
Q

zooneses

A

infectious diseases of animals that are transferred to humans via zoonontic pathogens

caused by bacteria, fungi, parasites, plasmodium, viruses and prions

of the 1415 known to affect humans 61% are zoonotic

biology 110 (7 decks)

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