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Biology Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Ecology

A

is the study of the interactions between the organisms and also between the organisms and their environment

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2
Q

Ecology can be studied at what levels?

A

anything ranging from individual to global

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3
Q

Ecology provides _______________ that underlies environmental issues

A

the scientific understanding

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4
Q

How many levels are there to ecology?

A

6

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5
Q

level 1 of ecology: organismal ecology

A

studies how an organisms anatomy, physiology and behavior is affected in response to environmental challenges

adaptations that enable individuals to live in specific habitats are also studied at this level

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6
Q

level 2 of ecology: population ecology

A

studies factors that affect individuals of the same species in a certain area

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7
Q

level 3 of ecology: community ecology

A

deals with the different species in a community (an assembly of several different populations (or species) living in a certain geographic area)

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8
Q

level 4 of ecology: ecosystem ecology

A

studies the flow of energy and recycling of chemical nutrients among plants, animals and microorganisms

interactions between biotic and abiotic factors (H20, chemicals, plants, animals, microbes) are most widely studied

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9
Q

level 5 of ecology: landscape ecology

A

deals with improving the ecological processes in a certain ecosystem in order to make it the most efficient

example of some ecological processes are: water cycles, energy flow & biogeochemical cycles

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10
Q

level 6 of ecology: global ecology

A

the study of the interactions among the earths ecosystems, land, atmosphere and oceans

it examines the influence of energy and materials on organisms across the biospher

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11
Q

it has been found that interactions between organisms and the environment _____ the distribution of species

A

limits

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12
Q

two kinds of factors the determine geographic distribution of species:

A

abiotic and biotic

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13
Q

biotic

A

living factors

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14
Q

abiotic

A

non-living factors

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15
Q

biotic and abiotic factors that influence distribution of a species

A
  1. dispersal
  2. predation
  3. behavior
  4. climate
  5. competition
  6. water and oxygen
  7. sunlight and temperature
  8. chemical nutrient
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16
Q

community

A

an assembly of populations of different species living in a certain geographic area

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17
Q

interspecific interactions

A

the relationships between species in a community

ex. competition, predation, herbivory, and symbiosis (parasitism, mutualism and commensalism)

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18
Q

interspecific interactions affect the survival and reproduction of species, and such effects can be summarized as…

A

positive (+)
negative (-)
no effect (0)

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19
Q

interspecific competition (-/- interaction)

A

occurs when species compete for a resource in short supply

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20
Q

______ competition can lead to competition exclusion

A

strong, local elimination of a competing species

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21
Q

ecological niche

A

a species total use of biotic and abiotic resources, also thought of as an organism’s ecological role

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22
Q

resource partitioning

A

differentiation of ecological niches, enabling similar species to coexist in a community (ensures species don’t drive each others into extinction)
ex. lion and hyena which feed on the same prey learn to coexist, sometimes making their territories and confining to those regions and other times by sharing their kill

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23
Q

predation (+/- interaction)

A

refers to interaction where one species, the predator, kills and other, the prey get eaten

postive for the predator but negative for the prey

predators have the upper hand with claws, teeth, fangs, and poison

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24
Q

behavioral defenses endowed by natural selection to avoid prey from being completely wiped out

A

hiding, forming herds, danger alarm and some morphological defense adaptations

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25
cryptic coloration
camouflage, makes prey difficult to spot
26
herbivory (+/-) interaction
refers to an interaction in which an herbivore eats parts of a plant or alga positive for herbivore, negative for plant has led to evolution of plants mechanical and chemical defenses such as: thorns, poisons, chemical signaling, idioblasts, housing aggressive plants
27
plants counter defense
1. thorns 2. chemical signaling (volatile organic compounds) to warn other plants 3. housing and feeding aggressive ants that protect plants against herbivores 4. plants poisons (like castor bean-dervied ricin) 5. idioblats (cells that act as landmines, firing prickly calcium oxalate crystals into the mouths of predator and then release an enzyme that is very similar to reptilian venom
28
symbiosis
relationship where two or more species live in direct and intimate contact with each other
29
mutualism (+,+ interaction)
benefits both species, can be one where one species cannot survive without the other or when both can survive alone
30
commensalism (+,0)
one species benefits while the other is apparently unaffected, hard to document in nature because any close association likely affects both species
31
parasitism (+,-)
when the parasite derives nourishment from another organism and its host is harmed in the process
32
endoparasites
parasites that live within the body of their host
33
ectoparasites
parasites that live on the external surface of a host
34
two fundamental features that determine a communities structure
1. species diversity of a community is the variety of organisms that make up the community 2. trophic structure is the feeding relationships between organisms in a community (linked with the help of a food train)
35
food web
complex assembly of interlocking and interdependent food chains
36
food web show ______
complex trophic interactions
37
species may play a role in _____ than one trophic level
more
38
the length of food chains are ______ and the 2 hypotheses that attempt to explain this limitation are:
limited energetic and dynamic stability hypothesis
39
energetic hypotheses
suggests that length is limited by inefficient energy transfer
40
dynamic stability hypotheses
proposes that long food chains are less stable than short ones
41
4 kinds of species that most influence community structure:
1. dominant 2. invasive 3. keystone 4. foundation
42
_________ and ________ exert the strongest controls on community structure
dominant and keystone
43
dominant species
those that are the most abundant or have the highest biomass, exert powerful control over the occurrence and distribution of other species by being most competitive in exploring resources or by being the most successful in avoiding predators
44
biomass
total mass of all individuals in a population
45
invasive species
can be any kind of living organism- a plant, insect, fish, fungus, bacteria or animals, that is not native to an ecosystem and which causes harm ex. non-native pigeon, european starling, eurasian collared dove, feral hog, european wood wasp, emerald ash borer, gypsy moth, japanese butterfly, asian long horned beetels
46
direct threats of invasive species
- preying on native species - depleting resources of native species - causing disease - preventing native species from reproducing
47
keystone species
exert strong control on a community by their ecological role or niches ex. great whites scavenging the sea floor for dead carcasses preventing the spread of disease not necessarily abundant
48
foundation species (ecosystem engineers)
cause physical changes in the environment and strongly affect community structure ex. beavers
49
facilitators
foundation species that have a positive effect on survival and reproduction of some other species in the community
50
bottom-up model
a unidirectional influence from lower to higher trophic levels presence or absence of mineral nutrients determines community structure, including absence of primary producers
51
top down model
control comes from the trophic level above, predators control herbivores which in turn controls primary producers
52
for a long time ecologists favored the view that communities are in a state of _______
equilibrium
53
non-equilibrium model
communities constantly change after being affected by a disturbance
54
disturbance
an event that changes a community, removes organisms from it and alters resource availability
55
______ and _______ are the most significant disturbances in a terrestrial ecosystem
fire and floods
56
intermediate disturbance hypothesis
suggests that moderate levels of disturbance can foster greater diversity than high or low levels of disturbance
57
_____ levels of disturbance exclude many slow-growing species, whereas ____ levels of disturbance allow dominant species to exclude less competitive species
high, low
58
ecological succession
the gradual process by which ecosystems change and develop over time
59
primary succession
series of community changes which occur on an entirely new habitat which has never been colonized before ex. a newly dig out rock face or sand dunes
60
secondary succession
series of community changes which take place on a previously colonized, but disturbed or damaged habitat ex. forest populating again after a fire
61
early arriving species and later arriving species may be linked in one of three processes:
- early arrivals may facilitate appearance of later species by making the environment favorable - they may inhibit establishment of later species - they may tolerate later species but have no impact on their environment
62
______ and ________ are two key factors that affect a community's species diversity (biodiversity)
latitude and area
63
______ is likely the primary cause of biodiversity
climate two main factors correlated with biodiversity are solar energy and water availability which can be measured by the rate of evapotranspiration
64
evapotranspiration
is evaportation of water from soil plus transpirtation of water from plants
65
species-area curve
quantifies the idea that, all other factors being equal, a larger geographic area has more species ex. gallapagos islands
66
pathogens
disease causing microbes, which exist as viruses, viorids and prions can quickly and extensively wipe out an entire community flu epidemic of 1918, 30 mill ppl died human activities transport pathogens around the world at unprecedented rates can be direcrt or through an intermediate species called a vector
67
zooneses
infectious diseases of animals that are transferred to humans via zoonontic pathogens caused by bacteria, fungi, parasites, plasmodium, viruses and prions of the 1415 known to affect humans 61% are zoonotic

biology 110 (7 decks)

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