biology exam for wednasday Flashcards
what are the four functions of the respitory system?
Gas exchange
pH regulation
Create sound
Olfaction: smelling
what are Turbinate bones?
Bones in the nose.
what do turbinate bones do?
Form narrow passageways with a large surface area to heat and moisten the air before it enters the rest of the respiratory tract
Aids detection of odours.
describe the structure of the respitory system
A hollow tube called the trachea, splits into two smaller tubes called bronchi, this leads to smaller tubes called bronchioles.The bronchioles end in clusters of small air sacs called alveoli. Alveoli are 1 cell thick and surrounded by blood vessels.
describe the daptations of the avioli
Thin wall: One cell thick
Large surface area
Covered in capillaries
describe the process of Gaseous exchange
Air is breathed in and oxygen diffuses from the alveoli to blood in the surrounding capillaries.
Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood in the capillaries to the alveoli.
The carbon dioxide is then breathed out.
what are the six functions of the Skeletal System?
Support
Protection
Locomotion
Storage
Haemopoiesis
Homeostasis
name the sections of the vertibrae
- Cervical
- Thoracic
- Lumbar
- Sacral
- Caudal
what is axil division of the skeleton?
runs from the skull to the tip of the tail
what is Appendicular division of the skeleton?
the limbs and their attachments
what are two first bines in the vertibrae and there function?
1st - Atlas has large area for muscle attachment to allow head to nod.
2nd - Axis allows head to rotate (turns head).
what are pentadactyl limbs?
A common limb found in all tetrapods (animals with 4 limbs)
name 5 pentadactyl limbs
Humerus Radius and ulna Carpals 5 metacarpals Phalanges
what are the 5 bone types?
Long
Short
Flat
Sesamoid
Irregular
describe Sesamoid bones
A bone embedded within a tendon or muscle
what components make up the endocrine system?
Hypothalamus Pituitary Pancreas Adrenal Ovaries Testes Thyroid
what is homeostasis?
The maintenance of a constant internal environment
what processes in the body does homeostasis controll
Glucose regulation Thermoregulation Osmoregulation Blood pressure Reproductive cycles
what is glucose regulation?
Maintaining a consistent level of sugar in the blood
what hormones are involved in glucos regulation?
Glucagon and insulin
what are the two functions of the panreas?
Exocrine – secretes digestive juices into the digestive tract Endocrine – makes hormones to control blood sugar levels (an example of homeostasis)
what happens if blood glucose is too high?
the pancrease releases insulin
what happens if the blood glucose is too low
The pancreas produces glucagon
This stimulates the liver to break down glycogen and release it into the blood as glucose
Blood glucose increases to normal levels
describe how the ear works
Vibrations in the air are caught by the pinna and directed down the external auditory meatus
Vibrations reach the tympanic membrane, which vibrates
The vibrations move across the oval window
Once across the oval window, vibrations move through the perilymph, and then through the endolymph
Ripples in the endolymph stimulate the sensory hairs in the Organ of Corti
Impulses are sent to the brain, which interprets sound
what is thermoregulation
Maintaining a constant internal body temperature independent from the environmental temperature
what is an endotherm
Controls and maintains their own internal body temperature
what is an Ectotherm
Relies on external heat sources
where is body temperature sensed?
the hypothalomus in the brain.
what are the three main section the brain is divided into?
Forebrain : cerebral cortex, thalamus and hypothalumus
- Midbrain – Reticular formation and neuron receptors
- Hindbrain – cerebellum, medulla and pons
what does the Cerebellum control
Balance , co-ordination, locomotion
what does the Pons control
respiration
what does the Medulla control
Respiration, blood pressure , motor function
what does the Thalamus control
pain receptors, touch, temperature sensation.
•Movement (locomotion).
what does the Hypothalamus do
.•Intellectual and functional signals.
•Temperature regulation and osmoregulation
what does the Limbic system control
Long term memory.
- Emotional behavior.
- olfactory senses (smell).
what does the Reticular formation control
controls levels of consciousness, the sleep wake cycle
what does the Neuron receptors do
Takes and processes information from sensory organs
