biology Flashcards
describe the Respiratory system
Takes in oxygen and excretes carbon dioxide. Allows the process of gaseous exchange.
describe the circulatory system
Circulates blood around the body transporting essential nutrients and gases to all tissues.
describe the Digestive system
Facilitates the taking in, breaking down and utilizing of nutrients. Excretes excess waste in solid form.
describe the Urinary system
Filters and cleans the blood removing waste products in the form of urine.
describe the Lymphatics system
Works in conjunction with the circulatory system to take lymphatic fluid and cells around the body to help fight infections.
describe the Endocrine system
Produces, stores and releases hormones which are messages sent around the body to affect a reaction.
describe the Nerves system
Sends electrical messages around the body to allow it to function, respond to emergencies and move around.
describe the Skeletal system
Provides a solid structure to the body, allowing support, protection and shape to the animal and its vital organs. Facilitates movement in conjunction with muscles, tendons and ligaments.
describe the Muscle system
Holds the entire body in place and allows movement by contracting and relaxing.
describe the reproductive system
the production of offspring by a sexual or asexual process
what are Turbinate bones
bones in the nose that Form narrow Passageways with a large surface area to heat and moisten the air before it enters the rest of the respiratory system
what are the two functions of the respiritory system
Gas exchange, pH regulation
What makes alveoli suited to gas exchange
They have a large surface area
They are one cell thick so it is easy for gases to diffuse across them
They are surrounded by capillaries, giving them an excellent blood supply
what makes a living organism
M
Movement
R
Respiration
S
sensitivity
N
Nutrition
E
Excretion
R
Reproduction
G
Growth
what is an open circulatory system
the circulatory system when the animal has a heart but the blood is left free in the body, there is no veins (left to find its way round the body.)
what is haemolymph
the equivalent to blood for arthropods and molluscs
what is closed respiritory system
vertebrates have closed circulatory system where blood is kept in blood vessels and piped around the body. Nutrients have to diffuse through the wall of the blood vessels to get to and from the body. (single circulatory system) (double circulatory system)
what is a single circulatory system
when a circluatory system has one ventricle and one atrium found in fish. Blood passes through the heart once per circuit. Two chambers in the heart.
what is a double circulatory system
found on mammals, birds reptiles and amphibians. Two circuits : pulmonary circuit (lungs) , systemic circuit (body). Four chambers 2 atria 2 ventricles
Arteries carry blood away from the heart, veins carry blood towards the heart
describe the capillary network
1 cell thick network structure required for diffusion of oxygen nutrients and waste
describe veins
thin elastic muscular walls, large lumen contains valves carry deoxygenated blood to the heart
describe arteries
thick, elasticated muscular walls, small lumen no valves carry oxygenated blood to the body
what is an Arteriole
a small artery with connects to a capillary
what is the sinoatrial node
The sinoatrial node is the pacemaker of the heart,
how does the sinoatrial node work as a pacemaker or the heart
it spontaneously produces an electrical impulse. This electrical impulse travels through the heart via the atrioventricular node, the bundle of His and then the Purkinjean fibers causing the heart muscles to contract in a coordinated fashion.
.
which chamber of the heart is the sinoatrial node located in
right atrium
what is plasma
a liquid in the blood
what percentage of the blood in plasma
55%
what is a Erythrocyctes
a red blood cells
what is a key ingredient in hemoglobin
iron
what percentage of blood is iron
45%
what are Leukocytes
white blood cells
describe a red blood cell
carry oxygen, bio concave structure which gives a larger surface area. Has hemoglobin which carries oxygen no nucleus to make more room for hemoglobin)
what percentage of blood is white blood cells and platelets
less than 1%
decribe blood composition
55% acellular ( Not cells) + 45% Cellular (cells)
what are Turbinate bones
bones in the nose. that Forms narrow
Passageways with a large surface area to heat and moisten
the air before it enters the rest of the respiratory tract
Aids detect
what is an endotherm
gets its body temperature from internal sources
what is an ecotherm
an animal which gets its body heat from sources outside the body
what is homeostasis
Maintenance of a constant internal environment
what does oviparity mean
Lay eggs, internal or external fertilisation
what does viviparity mean
Live young
what does ovoviviparity mean
Eggs are retained within the body and hatch at or just before birth
what is the definition of Copulation
The act of mating
what is the definition of Fertilisation
The fusing of ovum and sperm cells
what is the definition of Implantation
a process in which a developing embryo makes contact with the uterine wall and remains attached to it until birth
what is the definition of Gestation
Pregnancy
what is the definition of Parturition
birth
what is the Olfactory bulb
Detect and interpret sensory stimuli to odors
what is the Soft palate
Closes of the nasial passage and airway during swallowing
what is the Nasal chamber
Covered in mucus with small receptors to detect smells
what is the Turbinate bones
Aids detection of odors
What is the insect equivalent of blood
haemolymph
How many chambers does the heart have in a single circulatory system
2
What kind of animals have a single circulatory system?
a fish
What are the two circuits called in a double circulatory system?
pulmonary
systemic
What is known as the pacemaker of the heart?
Sinoatrial node,
What makes skeletal muscle suited to its function?
There is a large surface area for muscle attachment
Muscles attach to bone via tendons, with an extremely strong bond;
Skeletal muscle has a high mitochondria content, so plenty of energy can be produced for contraction
It contracts very quickly in response to stimulation by nerve impulses
But this means it does tire much more quickly
What makes smooth muscle suited to its function?
Smooth muscle contracts slowly and rhymical to move ingesta along the digestive tract/the egg along the fallopian tube/the foetus along the birth canal.
Contracting slowly means this muscle does not tire easily.
Contracting rhythmically means it produces a coordinated movement which enables it to move things through the tubes.
It is elastic to allow for adaption to large meals fitting in the stomach / to allow the foetus to grow in the uterus.
what is meant when describing the fuctionof the skeliton as locomotion
Providing attachment for muscles which operate bones as levers
what is haemopoiesis
Bone marrow manufactures blood cells
what is Hoeostasis
Releases minerals when levels in the body fall
what is Axial
Runs from the skull to the tip of the tail
what is Appendicular
The limbs and their attachments
What are the 5 sections of the vertebrae?
Cervical
Thoracic
lumbar
Sacral
Caudal
what is a Pentadactyl limb
A common limb found in all tetrapods (animals with four limbs)
What are the 5 bones that all tetrapods with the pentadactyl limb have in common?
humerus
- radius and ulna
Carpals
metacarpals
Phalanges
what is a Sesamoid bone
a bone embedded within a tendon or muscle
Irregular
what are the functions of the nervous system
Receive stimuli from internal and external environments
- Analyse and interpret the stimuli and information
- Bring about a necessary response
what are Afferent neurons
They make up sensory nerves
Activated by external stimuli e.g. hearing, vision, touch. (pick up senses)
Responsible for receiving and transmitting messages:
From nerve impulses to CNS .
Interneurons
They are located in the CNS
They receive impulses from afferent neurons and transmit impulses to efferent neurons
Efferent neurons
They make up motor nerves
Involved in muscular control in the body
Responsible for receiving and transmitting messages:
From the CNS to muscles and glands .
what is the peripheral nervous system
The peripheral nervous system is comprised of peripheral nerves in the body.
what does the Thalamus control
- pain receptors, touch, temperature sensation.
* Movement (locomotion).
what does the hypothalamus do
The function of the autonomic nervous system.
- Intellectual and functional signals.
- Temperature regulation and osmoregulation
what does the Limbic system control
- Long term memory.
- Emotional behavior.
- olfactory senses (smell)
what does the MIDBRAIN control
- Reticular formation – controls levels of consciousness, the sleep wake cycle.
- Neuron receptors – Takes and processes information from sensory organs
what does Volatile mean
Easily evaporates at normal temperature and atmospheric pressure
what does Water Soluble mean
Dissolvable in water to passs across the mucous membrane
what does Lipid Soluble mean
Because olfactory hair are made of lipids
How do we smell?
Chemicals dissolve in the mucus
Cilia in the nose are covered in receptors
Receptors are stimulated and an impulse is sent to the brain
what is the function and receptor of the Auditory (hear)
Eardrum detects vibrations in the air
Mechanoreceptors (movement)
what is the function and receptor of the Visual (see)
The retina detects light
Photoreceptors (light)
what is the function and receptor of the Gustatory (taste)
Cilia detect chemicals dissolved in saliva
Chemoreceptors (chemicals)
what is the function and receptor of the Olfactory (smell)
Cilia detect chemicals in the air
Chemoreceptors (chemicals)
what is the function and receptor of the Tactile (touch)
Nerve endings detect sensations and changes in the environment
Mechanoreceptors (pressure),
Thermoreceptors (temperature),
Nociceptors (pain)
what is osmoregulation
A homeostatic process that controls the amount of water in body fluids
how does the hypothalumus assist in osmoregulation whe the water level is to low
The hypothalamus detects blood water levels are too low (blood is too concentrated) and sends nerve impulses to the pituitary gland
The pituitary gland secretes a hormone called anti-diuretic hormone, or ADH, into the blood
ADH travels in the blood to the kidney, where it acts on the tubules in the nephron, causing them to reabsorb more water back into the blood.
Urine becomes more concentrated.
how does the hypothalumus assist in osmoregulation whe the water level is to high
The hypothalamus detects the water levels in the blood.
If water levels are too high (blood is too dilute),
the hypothalamus sends nerve impulses to the pituitary gland,
which decreases the amount of ADH it is releasing.
This causes the kidney tubules to decrease the amount of water they are reabsorbing back into the blood,
which means that more water will be lost into the urine. Therefore, water levels in the blood will decrease.
