Biology- Classification/ Evolution

Question 1

What is classification

Answer 1

process where living organisms are sorted into groups / share similar features

Question 2

analogy for taxonomic groups

Answer 2

King Philip Came Over From Great Spain

Question 3

name the 7 taxonomic groups

Answer 3

Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

Question 4

what are hierarchal classification systems referred to as

Answer 4

Linnaean Classification

Question 5

why do scientists classify organisms?

Answer 5

• Identify species
• Predict characteristics
• Find evolutionary links

Question 6

3 domains:

Answer 6

• Archea
• Bacteria
• Eukarya

Question 7

definition of species

Answer 7

group of organisms that are able to reproduce to produce fertile offspring

Question 8

what did carl linnaeus develop?

Answer 8

(Swedish botanist) developed Binominal Nomenclature

Question 9

What are the five kingdoms (traditional)

Answer 9

1- Prokaryotae (bacteria)
2-Protoctista (unicellular organisms)
3-Fungi 
4-Plantae
5-Animalia

Question 10

Characteristics of Prokaryotae

Answer 10

Bactera:
Unicellular
No nucleus/membrane bound organelles
Ring of free floating DNA

Question 11

Characteristics of Protocista

Answer 11

Amoeba:
Unicellular
Nucleus/membrane bound organelles
Nutrients acquired by photosynthesis (autotropic feeders)
Ingestion of other organisms (heterotropic feeders)

Question 12

Characteristics of Fungi

Answer 12

Mushrooms/Moulds:
Unicellular/multicellular
Nucleus and other membrane bound organelles
Cell wall made out of chitin
Saprophytic feeders: nutrients gained from decaying material

Question 13

Characteristics of Plantae

Answer 13

Plants:
Multicellular
Nucleus/membrane bound organelles
Chlorphyll
Nutrients come from photosynthesis

Question 14

Characteristics of Animalia

Answer 14

Animals:
Multicellular
Nutrients: ingestion-heterotrophic feeders

Question 15

What are domains

Answer 15

Further level of classification

Question 16

How do we group organisms by using their DNA?

Answer 16

uses differences in the sequences of nucleotides in the cells (rRNA)

Question 17

What is the three domain system

Answer 17

classified into the 3 domains and 6 kingdoms

Question 18

6 kingdom system in the three domain system:

Answer 18

archea bacteria
eubacteria
protocista
fungi
plantae
animalia

Question 19

what is archae bacteria

Answer 19

lives in extreme conditions hot/cold

Question 20

eubacteria

Answer 20

found in all environments

Question 21

what is phylogeny

Answer 21

name given to the evolutionary relationships netween organisms

Question 22

phylogenetics?

Answer 22

study of evolutionary history of groups of organisms

Shows which group particular organism is related too/how closely related

Question 23

phylogentic trees

Answer 23

(evolutionary tree) diagram that shows evolutionary relationships

Question 24

where do they get their evidence from

Answer 24

palaeontology- study of fossils
comparative anatomy- similarities and difference between organisms anatomy
comparative biochemistry- similarities and differences of chemical makeup of organisms

Question 25

how are fossils formed

Answer 25

when animal and plant remains are preserved in rocks. over long periods of time, sediment is deposited in layers. within these different layers are fossils providing a sequence of oldest to youngest depending on the layers

Question 26

evidence provided by fossils:

Answer 26

- organisms and bacteria are found in oldest rocks, more complex organisms found in more recent rocks -supports evolutionary theory - sequence in which organisms found matches evolutionary links . e,g plants came before animals in the fossil sequence: because animals need plants to survive

Question 27

why isnt the fossil record complete?

Answer 27

soft bodied organisms decompose quickly without being able to fossilise. or conditions for them to are not present

Question 28

what is a homologous structure

Answer 28

structure that appears different in different organisms but has the same underlying structure. for e,g vertebrate limbs are used for running, jumping. the structure of vertebrate limbs are very similar same bones are adapted to carry out different functions

Question 29

what does the presence of a homologous structure provide?

Answer 29

provides evidence for divergent evolution. describes how from a comment ancestor different species have evolved, each with its own adaptive features.

Question 30

what is comparative biochemistry

Answer 30

study of similarities and differences in the proteins and other molecules. changes occuring in these molecules help establish evolutionary links. two studied molecules: cytochrome c (protein in respiration) and ribosomal RNA to comapre how closely two species are related molecular sequence of molecule is compared.

Question 31

what is meant by intraspecific variation

Answer 31

differences between organisms within a species e.g height, hair colour ect

Question 32

causes of variation examples

Answer 32

1. genetic material: differences in genetic material from parents leads to genetic variation 2. environmental variation

Question 33

genetic causes of variation (alleles)

Answer 33

genes have different alleles. with a gene of a particular characteristic different alleles produce different effects

Question 34

genetic causes of variation (mutations)

Answer 34

changes to DNA sequence, genes can lead to change in proteins - affect physical/metabolic characteristics. if mutation occurs in gametes its passed to offspring : result in variation

Question 35

genetic causes of variation meiosis

Answer 35

each gamete receives half genetic material of parent cell. before nucleus divides chromatids separate, genetic material is mixed up due to independent assortment and crossing over.

Question 36

sexual reproduction

Answer 36

offspring produced by two individuals, inherits genes from each parents.

Question 37

what is standard deviation

Answer 37

how spread out the data is | high standard deviation= large amount of variation

Question 38

steps to calculate standard deviation

Answer 38

1)calculate mean value sum of individual measurements/amount of measurements taken 2)subtract mean value from measured value (do this for all measurements) 3)square all measurements 4) Add up all values 5) divide by sample size -1

Question 39

3 types of adaptations

Answer 39

anatomical adaptations behavioural adaptations physiological adaptations

Question 40

anatomical adaptations

Answer 40

are physical features - body covering: scales,hair, feathers, (keep warm) - camouflage - Teeth - Mimicry

Question 41

behavioural adaptations

Answer 41

the way organism behaves - courtship: attracts mate (scorpion dances) - seasonal behaviours: helps organisms cope with changes in environment: 1) migration-animals move from one region to another then back again when environment conditions are better suited 2) hibernation: period of inactivity animals temp, breathing rate, heart rate slow down.

Question 42

what are the 2 different behavioural adaptations

Answer 42

Innate: instinctive behaviour inherited through genes | Learned behaviour: adaptations learned through experience

Question 43

Physiological adaptations:

Answer 43

process that take place inside organism - poison production - antibiotic production - water holding

Question 44

what are analogous structures

Answer 44

adapted to perform same role but different genetic origin

Question 45

what is convergent evolution:

Answer 45

when unrelated species begin to share same traits | occur due to living in same environments

Question 46

steps for natural selection

Answer 46

- orgnisms within species show variation in characteristics (caused by mutations, differences in genes) - organisms who's best adapted to selection pressure, increased chance of surviving , less adapted organisms don't reproduce - successful organisms pass allele with favourable characteristics, process is repeated overtime advantageous characteristics increases

Question 47

example of evolution

Answer 47

peppered moths