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Biology Transport systems in plants > Biology- Classification/ Evolution > Flashcards

Biology- Classification/ Evolution Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is classification

A

process where living organisms are sorted into groups / share similar features

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2
Q

analogy for taxonomic groups

A

King Philip Came Over From Great Spain

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3
Q

name the 7 taxonomic groups

A 
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
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4
Q

what are hierarchal classification systems referred to as

A

Linnaean Classification

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5
Q

why do scientists classify organisms?

A
  • Identify species
  • Predict characteristics
  • Find evolutionary links
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6
Q

3 domains:

A
  • Archea
  • Bacteria
  • Eukarya
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7
Q

definition of species

A

group of organisms that are able to reproduce to produce fertile offspring

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8
Q

what did carl linnaeus develop?

A

(Swedish botanist) developed Binominal Nomenclature

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9
Q

What are the five kingdoms (traditional)

A 
1- Prokaryotae (bacteria)
2-Protoctista (unicellular organisms)
3-Fungi 
4-Plantae
5-Animalia
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10
Q

Characteristics of Prokaryotae

A

Bactera:
Unicellular
No nucleus/membrane bound organelles
Ring of free floating DNA

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11
Q

Characteristics of Protocista

A

Amoeba:
Unicellular
Nucleus/membrane bound organelles
Nutrients acquired by photosynthesis (autotropic feeders)
Ingestion of other organisms (heterotropic feeders)

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12
Q

Characteristics of Fungi

A

Mushrooms/Moulds:
Unicellular/multicellular
Nucleus and other membrane bound organelles
Cell wall made out of chitin
Saprophytic feeders: nutrients gained from decaying material

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13
Q

Characteristics of Plantae

A 
Plants:
Multicellular
Nucleus/membrane bound organelles
Chlorphyll
Nutrients come from photosynthesis
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14
Q

Characteristics of Animalia

A

Animals:
Multicellular
Nutrients: ingestion-heterotrophic feeders

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15
Q

What are domains

A

Further level of classification

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16
Q

How do we group organisms by using their DNA?

A

uses differences in the sequences of nucleotides in the cells (rRNA)

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17
Q

What is the three domain system

A

classified into the 3 domains and 6 kingdoms

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18
Q

6 kingdom system in the three domain system:

A 
archea bacteria
eubacteria
protocista
fungi
plantae
animalia
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19
Q

what is archae bacteria

A

lives in extreme conditions hot/cold

20
Q

eubacteria

A

found in all environments

21
Q

what is phylogeny

A

name given to the evolutionary relationships netween organisms

22
Q

phylogenetics?

A

study of evolutionary history of groups of organisms

Shows which group particular organism is related too/how closely related

23
Q

phylogentic trees

A

(evolutionary tree) diagram that shows evolutionary relationships

24
Q

where do they get their evidence from

A

palaeontology- study of fossils
comparative anatomy- similarities and difference between organisms anatomy
comparative biochemistry- similarities and differences of chemical makeup of organisms

25
Q

how are fossils formed

A

when animal and plant remains are preserved in rocks. over long periods of time, sediment is deposited in layers. within these different layers are fossils providing a sequence of oldest to youngest depending on the layers

26
Q

evidence provided by fossils:

A
  • organisms and bacteria are found in oldest rocks, more complex organisms found in more recent rocks -supports evolutionary theory
  • sequence in which organisms found matches evolutionary links . e,g plants came before animals in the fossil sequence: because animals need plants to survive
27
Q

why isnt the fossil record complete?

A

soft bodied organisms decompose quickly without being able to fossilise. or conditions for them to are not present

28
Q

what is a homologous structure

A

structure that appears different in different organisms but has the same underlying structure. for e,g vertebrate limbs are used for running, jumping. the structure of vertebrate limbs are very similar
same bones are adapted to carry out different functions

29
Q

what does the presence of a homologous structure provide?

A

provides evidence for divergent evolution. describes how from a comment ancestor different species have evolved, each with its own adaptive features.

30
Q

what is comparative biochemistry

A

study of similarities and differences in the proteins and other molecules. changes occuring in these molecules help establish evolutionary links.
two studied molecules: cytochrome c (protein in respiration) and ribosomal RNA
to comapre how closely two species are related molecular sequence of molecule is compared.

31
Q

what is meant by intraspecific variation

A

differences between organisms within a species e.g height, hair colour ect

32
Q

causes of variation examples

A
  1. genetic material: differences in genetic material from parents leads to genetic variation
  2. environmental variation
33
Q

genetic causes of variation (alleles)

A

genes have different alleles. with a gene of a particular characteristic different alleles produce different effects

34
Q

genetic causes of variation (mutations)

A

changes to DNA sequence, genes can lead to change in proteins - affect physical/metabolic characteristics. if mutation occurs in gametes its passed to offspring : result in variation

35
Q

genetic causes of variation meiosis

A

each gamete receives half genetic material of parent cell. before nucleus divides chromatids separate, genetic material is mixed up due to independent assortment and crossing over.

36
Q

sexual reproduction

A

offspring produced by two individuals, inherits genes from each parents.

37
Q

what is standard deviation

A

how spread out the data is

high standard deviation= large amount of variation

38
Q

steps to calculate standard deviation

A

1)calculate mean value
sum of individual measurements/amount of measurements taken
2)subtract mean value from measured value (do this for all measurements)
3)square all measurements
4) Add up all values
5) divide by sample size -1

39
Q

3 types of adaptations

A

anatomical adaptations
behavioural adaptations
physiological adaptations

40
Q

anatomical adaptations

A

are physical features

  • body covering: scales,hair, feathers, (keep warm)
  • camouflage
  • Teeth
  • Mimicry
41
Q

behavioural adaptations

A

the way organism behaves

  • courtship: attracts mate (scorpion dances)
  • seasonal behaviours: helps organisms cope with changes in environment:
    1) migration-animals move from one region to another then back again when environment conditions are better suited
    2) hibernation: period of inactivity animals temp, breathing rate, heart rate slow down.
42
Q

what are the 2 different behavioural adaptations

A

Innate: instinctive behaviour inherited through genes

Learned behaviour: adaptations learned through experience

43
Q

Physiological adaptations:

A

process that take place inside organism

  • poison production
  • antibiotic production
  • water holding
44
Q

what are analogous structures

A

adapted to perform same role but different genetic origin

45
Q

what is convergent evolution:

A

when unrelated species begin to share same traits

occur due to living in same environments

46
Q

steps for natural selection

A
  • orgnisms within species show variation in characteristics (caused by mutations, differences in genes)
  • organisms who’s best adapted to selection pressure, increased chance of surviving , less adapted organisms don’t reproduce
  • successful organisms pass allele with favourable characteristics, process is repeated overtime advantageous characteristics increases
47
Q

example of evolution

A

peppered moths

Biology Transport systems in plants (7 decks)

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