Biology- Classification/ Evolution Flashcards
What is classification
process where living organisms are sorted into groups / share similar features
analogy for taxonomic groups
King Philip Came Over From Great Spain
name the 7 taxonomic groups
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
what are hierarchal classification systems referred to as
Linnaean Classification
why do scientists classify organisms?
- Identify species
- Predict characteristics
- Find evolutionary links
3 domains:
- Archea
- Bacteria
- Eukarya
definition of species
group of organisms that are able to reproduce to produce fertile offspring
what did carl linnaeus develop?
(Swedish botanist) developed Binominal Nomenclature
What are the five kingdoms (traditional)
1- Prokaryotae (bacteria) 2-Protoctista (unicellular organisms) 3-Fungi 4-Plantae 5-Animalia
Characteristics of Prokaryotae
Bactera:
Unicellular
No nucleus/membrane bound organelles
Ring of free floating DNA
Characteristics of Protocista
Amoeba:
Unicellular
Nucleus/membrane bound organelles
Nutrients acquired by photosynthesis (autotropic feeders)
Ingestion of other organisms (heterotropic feeders)
Characteristics of Fungi
Mushrooms/Moulds:
Unicellular/multicellular
Nucleus and other membrane bound organelles
Cell wall made out of chitin
Saprophytic feeders: nutrients gained from decaying material
Characteristics of Plantae
Plants: Multicellular Nucleus/membrane bound organelles Chlorphyll Nutrients come from photosynthesis
Characteristics of Animalia
Animals:
Multicellular
Nutrients: ingestion-heterotrophic feeders
What are domains
Further level of classification
How do we group organisms by using their DNA?
uses differences in the sequences of nucleotides in the cells (rRNA)
What is the three domain system
classified into the 3 domains and 6 kingdoms
6 kingdom system in the three domain system:
archea bacteria eubacteria protocista fungi plantae animalia
what is archae bacteria
lives in extreme conditions hot/cold
eubacteria
found in all environments
what is phylogeny
name given to the evolutionary relationships netween organisms
phylogenetics?
study of evolutionary history of groups of organisms
Shows which group particular organism is related too/how closely related
phylogentic trees
(evolutionary tree) diagram that shows evolutionary relationships
where do they get their evidence from
palaeontology- study of fossils
comparative anatomy- similarities and difference between organisms anatomy
comparative biochemistry- similarities and differences of chemical makeup of organisms
how are fossils formed
when animal and plant remains are preserved in rocks. over long periods of time, sediment is deposited in layers. within these different layers are fossils providing a sequence of oldest to youngest depending on the layers
evidence provided by fossils:
- organisms and bacteria are found in oldest rocks, more complex organisms found in more recent rocks -supports evolutionary theory
- sequence in which organisms found matches evolutionary links . e,g plants came before animals in the fossil sequence: because animals need plants to survive
why isnt the fossil record complete?
soft bodied organisms decompose quickly without being able to fossilise. or conditions for them to are not present
what is a homologous structure
structure that appears different in different organisms but has the same underlying structure. for e,g vertebrate limbs are used for running, jumping. the structure of vertebrate limbs are very similar
same bones are adapted to carry out different functions
what does the presence of a homologous structure provide?
provides evidence for divergent evolution. describes how from a comment ancestor different species have evolved, each with its own adaptive features.
what is comparative biochemistry
study of similarities and differences in the proteins and other molecules. changes occuring in these molecules help establish evolutionary links.
two studied molecules: cytochrome c (protein in respiration) and ribosomal RNA
to comapre how closely two species are related molecular sequence of molecule is compared.
what is meant by intraspecific variation
differences between organisms within a species e.g height, hair colour ect
causes of variation examples
- genetic material: differences in genetic material from parents leads to genetic variation
- environmental variation
genetic causes of variation (alleles)
genes have different alleles. with a gene of a particular characteristic different alleles produce different effects
genetic causes of variation (mutations)
changes to DNA sequence, genes can lead to change in proteins - affect physical/metabolic characteristics. if mutation occurs in gametes its passed to offspring : result in variation
genetic causes of variation meiosis
each gamete receives half genetic material of parent cell. before nucleus divides chromatids separate, genetic material is mixed up due to independent assortment and crossing over.
sexual reproduction
offspring produced by two individuals, inherits genes from each parents.
what is standard deviation
how spread out the data is
high standard deviation= large amount of variation
steps to calculate standard deviation
1)calculate mean value
sum of individual measurements/amount of measurements taken
2)subtract mean value from measured value (do this for all measurements)
3)square all measurements
4) Add up all values
5) divide by sample size -1
3 types of adaptations
anatomical adaptations
behavioural adaptations
physiological adaptations
anatomical adaptations
are physical features
- body covering: scales,hair, feathers, (keep warm)
- camouflage
- Teeth
- Mimicry
behavioural adaptations
the way organism behaves
- courtship: attracts mate (scorpion dances)
- seasonal behaviours: helps organisms cope with changes in environment:
1) migration-animals move from one region to another then back again when environment conditions are better suited
2) hibernation: period of inactivity animals temp, breathing rate, heart rate slow down.
what are the 2 different behavioural adaptations
Innate: instinctive behaviour inherited through genes
Learned behaviour: adaptations learned through experience
Physiological adaptations:
process that take place inside organism
- poison production
- antibiotic production
- water holding
what are analogous structures
adapted to perform same role but different genetic origin
what is convergent evolution:
when unrelated species begin to share same traits
occur due to living in same environments
steps for natural selection
- orgnisms within species show variation in characteristics (caused by mutations, differences in genes)
- organisms who’s best adapted to selection pressure, increased chance of surviving , less adapted organisms don’t reproduce
- successful organisms pass allele with favourable characteristics, process is repeated overtime advantageous characteristics increases
example of evolution
peppered moths
