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Biology Transport systems in plants > Biology- Biodiversity > Flashcards

Biology- Biodiversity Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the importance of biodiversity

A

maintains and balanced ecosystem as all species are interconnected to one another

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2
Q

why is maintaining biodiversity important

A

important in conservation, informs scientists of the species that are present, its the baseline for species in that area

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3
Q

what causes the effects of changes in environment

A

human activity
disease
climate change

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4
Q

what are the different levels of biodiversity

A
  • habitat biodiversity
  • species biodiversity
  • genetic biodiversity
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5
Q

what is habitat biodiversity

A

number of habitats found within the area, each habitat can support different species, the greater the habitat the greater the biodiversity within that area

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6
Q

what are the two species biodiversity

A

species richness

species evenness

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7
Q

what is species richness

A

the number of different species living in a particular area

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8
Q

what is species evenness

A

comparison of numbers of individuals of each species living in a community

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9
Q

what is genetic biodiversity

A

variety of genes that make up different species, many genes are the same for all individuals within a species , however many genes have different versions (alleles that exist) - leads to genetic biodiversity

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10
Q

what can genetic biodiversity lead to?

A

can lead to different characteristics within a species, it allows for better adaptation to a changing environment, make some individuals resistant to disease

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11
Q

what is sampling

A

taking measurements of a number of individual organisms present in a particular area

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12
Q

what is sampling useful for

A

its an estimate of the number of organisms in an area without having to count them all
can also be used to measure a particular characteristic of an organism

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13
Q

what is random sampling

A

selecting individuals by chance, equal likelihood for selection

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14
Q

how to carry out a random sample 3 steps

A

1- mark out a grid on the grass using two tape measures laid at right angles
2-use random numbers to determine the x coordinate and the y coordinate
3- take a sample at each of the coordinate pairs generated

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15
Q

what is non-random sampling

A

alternate sampling method where the sample is not chosen at random, can be divided into 3 techniques

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16
Q

what are the 3 techniques of non-random sampling

A
  • opportunistic
  • stratified
  • systematic
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17
Q

what is opportunistic sampling

A

Uses organisms that are available there

-weakest form of sampling, doesn’t represent whole population.

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18
Q

what is stratified sampling

A

population divided into a number of different strara (subgroups) based on a characteristic
A random sample is taken from each of these strata.

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19
Q

what is systematic sampling

A

different areas within a overall habitat are sampled separately. Carried out on a line or belt transect

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20
Q

what is a line transect

A

making a line along the ground between two poles and taking samples at specific points

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21
Q

what is a belt transect

A

two parallel lines are marked, samples are taken from the area between the two lines
-provides more information

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22
Q

what is a sampling bias (reliability)

A

selection process may be biased, way to stop this is using no human involvement when choosing a sample area

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23
Q

what is chance (reliability)

A

organisms may be selected by chance, not represented by the whole population. To reduce is can use a large sample size

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24
Q

Example 1: sampling animals

Pooter

A

catch small insects by sucking on a mouthpiece, insects drawn into the chamber via inlet tube. Filter stops the insect going into the mouth

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25
Q

Example 2: tree beating

A

used to take samples of invertebrates living in a tree or a bush. Large white cloth underneath the tree. Large white cloth stretched out under the tree .Tree is shaken so invertebrates fall out to be collected or studied

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26
Q

how are plants usually sampled

A

using a quadrat, to pinpoint an area for the plants to be collected

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27
Q

what are the two types of quadrats

A

point quadrat

frame quadrat

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28
Q

point quadrat

A

frame with horizontal bar. Set intervals along the bar, long pins can be pushed through the bar to reach the ground. Each species that touches the pin is recorded

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29
Q

frame quadrat

A

consists of a square frame divided into a grid of equal sections. Type, number of species within each section is recorded

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30
Q

three types of sampling population (using a quadrat) of plants living in a habitat

A
  • density
  • frequency
  • percentage cover
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31
Q

density

A

if plants can be seen clearly, count number of them in 1m by 1m square. Give density per square meter not an estimate

32
Q

frequency

A

if individual members of species are hard to count. Using a small grid within a quadrat, count number of squares species is in.

33
Q

percentage cover

A

used to gather data fast, if species is abundant or hard to count. Estimate by eye of area of area within a area within a quadrat

34
Q

how to estimate animal population size

A

capture-mark-release-recapture, capturing as many organisms in the area as possible. Then marked and then released back to the community. Time allowed for them to redistribute themselves before another sample is collected. Compare number of marked/unmarked organisms can estimate population size

35
Q

what is abiotic

A

non-living conditions in a habitat,have a direct effect on living organisms.

36
Q

examples of abiotic factors

A 
wind speed
light
humidity
pH
temperature
37
Q

abiotic factors can be measured with sensors, how are they useful?

A
  • Detect rapid changes
  • Reduce human errors when reading numbers
  • High accuracy
38
Q

what is the simpsons index theory

A

measure of biodiversity as it takes into account both species richness and species evenness

39
Q

how do you know if a habitat has high or low biodiversity according to the simpsons scale?

A

the closer the value is to 1 the more diverse the habitat is

40
Q

characteristics of a high diversity environment

A

-great number of successful species- more stable ecosystem
Environment isn’t hostile, more relaxed
Complex food webs
environmental change will be damaging to ecosystem as a whole

41
Q

characteristics of low species diversity environment

A

fewer successful species in the environment
Environment is stressful, fewer organisms adapted to that environment
simple food webs

42
Q

what needs to happen in order for genetic biodiversity to increase?

A

number of possible alleles in a population must increase

43
Q

factors that enable the population to increase

1- mutation

A

mutations in the DNA, creating new allele

44
Q

factors that enable the population to increase

2-interbreeding

A

interbreeding between different populations. Individual migrates from one population and breeds with another. Alleles transferred between two populations-known as gene flow

45
Q

what happens if genetic biodiversity decreases

A

number of possible alleles in a population must also decrease

46
Q

what can the decrease of genetic biodiversity occur through? 1-selective breeding

A

selective breeding, few selected for advantageous characteristics and bred

47
Q

captive breeding?

A

zoos and conservation centres, small number animals available for breeding.

48
Q

natural selection?

A

species will evolve to contain alleles which encode for advantageous characteristics. Over time less advantageous characteristics will be lost from the population

49
Q

genetic bottle necks?

A

few individuals within population survive an event/change, reducing gene pool. Only alleles of surviving population pass offspring

50
Q

the founder effect

A

small number of individuals create a new colony, geographically isolated from the original. Gene pool is small

51
Q

how to measure genetic biodiversity?

A

measuring polymorphism

52
Q

what are polymorphic genes

A

genes that have more than one allele

53
Q

what are monomorphic genes

A

gene only has 1 allele

54
Q

formula for polymorphic gene loci

A

proportion of polymorphic gene loci= number of polymorphic gene loci (divided) by the total number of loci

55
Q

what does locus mean

A

position of the gene on a chromosome

56
Q

3 factors affecting biodiversity

A
  • deforestation
  • agriculture
  • climate change
57
Q

what is deforestation

A

permanent removal of trees to provide wood for building or fuel/ create space for roads, building and agriculture

58
Q

what is agriculture

A

More land needs to be cleared to feed the growing population. Then they plant a single crop (monoculture)

59
Q

what is climate change

A

release of co2 and pollutants from burning fossil fuels increases temperatures

60
Q

how does deforestation affect biodiversity

A
  • reduces number of trees in area
  • species diversity reduced
  • animals forced to migrate to other areas to survive. Might increase the biodiversity in other regions
61
Q

How does the use of pesticides reduce biodiversity in the area

A

Pesticides kill pests that would eat the crops. Reduces species diversity as it kills off pests (insects) and destroying food source for other organisms

62
Q

How do herbicides reduce biodiversity

A

used to kill weeds, plants diversity is reduced, removal of important food sources

63
Q

how does monoculture reduce biodiversity

A

farms specialise production of only one crop, many acres of land to grow one type of species. Lowers biodiversity, animal species will only have one type of food source.

64
Q

How will biodiversity be affected by climate change?

A
  • melting of polar icecaps can lead to extinction of plants and animal species. Animals forced to migrate north to new conditions that suit them.
  • rising sea levels from melting icecaps and thermal expansion of oceans could flood areas/habitats
  • higher temperatures and less rainfall would affect plant species making xerophytes more dominant, food source is also reduced for animals that feed on them
65
Q

3 reasons for maintaining biodiversity

A
  • aesthetic
  • economic
  • ecological
66
Q

what is the aesthetic reason for maintaining biodiversity

A
  • presence of plants and natural habitats are calming/therapeutic for people
  • heals people
  • provides inspiration for people
67
Q

what is the economic reason for maintaining biodiversity

A
  • soil erosion and desertification man occur because of deforestation. Reduce countries ability to grow crops and feed people can lead to resource and economic dependence on other countries
  • deforestation can lead to extinction of plant species that can be medically /chemically useful.
  • areas with biodiversity are attractive can attract tourism to the area which will increase economy
  • continuous monoculture results in soil depletion-reduction of diversity of soil nutrients. Happens because crop is using same soil year after year-makes ecosystem more fragile Crops will be weaker so more expensive pesticides need to be used
68
Q

what is a ecological reason for maintaining biodiversity

A
  • organisms are dependent on each other for survival, removal of one species may have a significant affect of another. For e.g food source may be lost
  • some species may play a key role in structure of the community (ketone species). Large effect on the environment. Determine species evenness and richness. when they are removed habitat is drastically changed
69
Q

what is a keystone species

A

species that are important in maintaining the structure of a ecological community. Large effect on the environment.

70
Q

what is conservation

A

preservation and careful management of the environment. organisms chance of survival are maintained allowing them to reproduce

71
Q

2 ways of conserving biodiversity

A
  • in situ

- ex situ

72
Q

what is in situ conservation

A

within natural habitat
maintains their genetic diversity and evolutionary adaptations, can continually adapt to environmental changes as they’re still living within their habitat.
-cheaper than ex situ conservation

73
Q

what is ex situ conservation

A

out of natural habitat

74
Q

how do botanic gardens help with maintaining biodiversity

A

plant species can be grown, they’re managed and given resources to grow (soil nutrients , sufficient watering)

75
Q

how do seed banks help with maintaining biodiversity

A

example of a gene bank, store of genetic material. Stored so that new plants can be grown in the future. they are dried and stored at low temperature so they slow down the chance to germinate. Provide a backup against extinction of plants.

76
Q

how do captive breeding programmes help maintain biodiversity

A

produce offspring of species in human controlled environments. Managed by zoos, aquatic centres. create a stable, healthy population of species and then slowly reintroduce them back into the environment.
create stable shelter , abundant supply of food and absence of predators.

77
Q

how can maintaining genetic diversity within a breeding problem be difficult? how can we overcome this?

A

only small number of breeding partners available, problems with interbreeding can occur. to overcome this international catalogue is maintained. artificial insemination can also occur

Biology Transport systems in plants (7 decks)

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