1.Cell structure Biology

Question 1

what are eukaryotic cells

Answer 1

plants,animals.fungal cells

Question 2

what are prokaryotic cells?

Answer 2

bacteria

Question 3

Formula for magnification

Answer 3

image size / real size

Question 4

Characteristics of the nucleus

Answer 4

-Contains DNA of the cell, DNA is packed with proteins called histone proteins (ensures DNA is packed efficiently) chromatin coils to form chromosomes
-Nucleus protected by double membrane = Nuclear envelope
Nuclear envelope has inner + outer lipid bilayer to protect fragile chromatin
-Nuclear pores (holes in nuclear envelope) allows mRNA + ribosomes to travel through

Question 5

Characteristics of the Nucleolus

Answer 5

• Contains densely packed DNA and proteins
• “dark blob” seen in microscopes
• Makes ribosomes for protein synthesis
• Contains nucleoplasm (like cytoplasm)

Question 6

Where are ribosomes found in the cell?

Answer 6

on the endoplasmic reticulum + free floating around cell

Question 7

What are ribosomes made of?

Answer 7

• ribosomal RNA

- Protein

Question 8

Two types of RNA?

Answer 8

mRNA and rRNA

Question 9

what does mRNA do?

Answer 9

messenger to get instructions from nucleus

Question 10

What does rRNA do?

Answer 10

Ribosomal RNA builds up ribosomes

Question 11

What is the cell wall made up of in a prokaryotic cell?

Answer 11

Murein

Question 12

what is murein made of?

Answer 12

it is a polymer made up of polypeptides and polysaccharides

Question 13

What does Pili do

Answer 13

Waxy capsule around the outside of the cell, allows bacteria to stick together

Question 14

What are mesosomes?

Answer 14

They are infoldings of the prokaryotic cell

Question 15

What do mesosomes do?

Answer 15

Increase surface area of cell , aids cell for respiration

Question 16

What is the cytoskeleton

Answer 16

Network of fibres for shape /stability of cell. Holds organelles in place and controls cell movement

Question 17

what are the three components of the cytoskeleton

Answer 17

• microfilaments
• microtubules
• intermediate fibres

Question 18

what does the microfilaments do

Answer 18

responsible for cell movement + cell contraction in cytokinesis (where cytoplasm splits into two cells)

Question 19

What do microtubules do

Answer 19

determines the shape of the cell

Question 20

what do intermediate fibres do

Answer 20

gives strength to the cell

Question 21

What are vesicles

Answer 21

membrane sacs that transport materials inside cell + storage

Question 22

What are lysosomes

Answer 22

specialised form of vesicles contain hydrolytic / hydrolysing enzymes, breakdown pathogens

Question 23

What is the endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 23

network of membranes enclosed in sacs

Question 24

what are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 24

rough + smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Question 25

what does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum do

Answer 25

for lipid and carbohydrate synthesis + storage

Question 26

what does the rough endoplasmic reticulum do

Answer 26

contains ribosomes on the surface - for protein synthesis and transport proteins