Biology - chemical basics of life

Question 1

what are main bio molecules

Answer 1

carbohydrate
protein
lipids
nucleic acid

Question 2

carbohydrate can be divided into 3 parts

Answer 2

monosaccharide
disaccharide
polysaccharide

Question 3

types of monosaccharide?

Answer 3

glucose
fructose
galactose

Question 4

small definition of monosaccharide

Answer 4

Monosaccharides are known as simple sugar
they are sweet, water-soluble and crystal-shaped
a monosaccharide is the structural unit of carbohydrate

Question 5

glucose

Answer 5

1) glucose is preset in bee honey and ripen fruits
2) they are the end product of hydrolysis of all starchy food.
3) glucose is absorbed into the blood
4) plants produce glucose during photo thesis
5) energy is released during the breakdown of glucose in cellular respiration

Question 6

fructose

Answer 6

1) present in ripen fruit, bee honey, pumpkin, and carrots
2) know as fruit sugar
3) formed during the ripening of fruits
4) sweetest sugar of all

Question 7

Galactose

Answer 7

1) present in dairy products
2) no sweet taste
3) end product of hydrolysis of lactose

Question 8

small definition about disaccharide

Answer 8

1) monosaccharide + monosaccharide = disaccharide
2) during the process a water molecule is removed
3) sweet, crystal shape, water-soluble

Question 9

maltose

Answer 9

1) present in germinating seeds
2) union of 2 glucose molecules produces maltose
3) intermediate product of starch hydrolysis

Question 10

sucrose

Answer 10

1) present in the phloem sap of tree, white and brown sugar, sugar cane, beet, some fruits
2) glucose + fructose = sucrose + water

Question 11

lactose

Answer 11

1) present in dairy products
2) glucose + galactose = lactose + water
3) no sweet taste
4) lactose present in human milk is 6% -7%
present in cow milk is 4% - 6%

Question 12

small definition about polysaccharide

Answer 12

1) a large number of monosaccharides combined together to form
polysaccharide
2) insoluble in water, not crystal shaped

Question 13

cellulose

Answer 13

1) present in cell wall of plant cell

2) don’t digest in human body, but helps to avoid constipation

Question 14

starch

Answer 14

1) present in jak, breadfruits, yams, grains

2) carbohydrate type that store in plants in starch

Question 15

glycogen

Answer 15

1) present in animal liver and muscles

2) type of carbohydrate that stores in animal body is glycogen

Question 16

significances of carbohydrate

Answer 16

1) as an energy source
2 ) as a structural compound
3) as a main component of plant cell wall
4) as a constituent of nucleic acid

Question 17

test to identify starch

Answer 17

mix a small amount of starch food with water and add into a test tube
then add IODINE SOLUTION to it

color before - brown
color after - purplish blue

Question 18

test to identify glucose

Answer 18

a glucose solution is obtained into a test tube. add a few drops of Benedict solution to it. then immerse it in a water bath and hear it

color change
blue - green - green yellow-orange- brick red precipitate

Question 19

test to identify sucrose

Answer 19

1) few drops of dilute acid are added into a freshly prepared sugar solution and heat it.
2) then add a few drops of sodium hydroxide to neutralize the medium
3) then add a few forms of benedict solution

color change :
blue- green- green yellow-orange - brick red precipitate

Question 20

small definition of protein

Answer 20

protein is an essential constituent of the human body
17% of the body is composed of protein
protein is a complex molecule made up of polymerized the amino acid molecule
protein contains C, H, O, N, and sometimes S

Question 21

amino acid

Answer 21

the simplest amino acid is glycine

some amino acids cant be synthesized within the body so they need to be taken from outside with food. they are known as essential amino acids.

Question 22

significance of protein

Answer 22

as an energy source
to make structural components
as antibodies
as enzymes
as hormones

Question 22

significance of protein

Answer 22

as an energy source
to make structural components
as antibodies
as enzymes
as hormones

Question 23

test to identify protein

Answer 23

1) small amount of grinded dhal or egg white is obtained into a test tube
2) add an extra amount of sodium hydroxide and then a few drops of copper sulphate to it

the color turns into purple

Question 24

significance of protein

Answer 24

``` as an energy source to make structural components as antibodies as hormones as enzymes ```

Question 25

small definition about enzymes

Answer 25

enzymes are a special protein that is produced within the organism to increase the rate of bio chemical reaction the activity of enzymes is to catalyze bio chemical reactions

Question 26

small definition about lipids

Answer 26

lipids which are solid at room temperature are fats, liquids are oils lipids also contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen ( but contain less oxygen than carbohydrates) lipids are insoluble in inorganic compounds including water but soluble in organic compounds fatty acids + glycerol = lipids + water lipids are present in magarine , coconut, gingerly ,butter,ground nut

Question 27

significance of lipids

Answer 27

``` as an energy source to make structural components for conservation of water to protect internal body organs to maintain body temperature ```

Question 28

test to identify lipids

Answer 28

add gingerly oil or coconut oil into a test tube add Sudan III reagent to it red fat globules appear

Question 29

fatty acids can be divided into 2 groups

Answer 29

saturated fatty acids | unsaturated fatty acids

Question 30

define saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids

Answer 30

saturated fatty acids fatty acids which contain one bond with carbon are known as saturated fatty acids. they exist in room tempo at solid-state or semi-solid state unsaturated fatty acids fatty acids which contain more than one bond with carbon are known as unsaturated fatty acids. they exist in room tempo at liquid state

Question 31

small definition about nucleic acid

Answer 31

nucleic acid is the most important bio molecule it's a linear polymer made up of a large number of nucleotides it contains carbon, hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorous.

Question 32

there are 3 main components of nucleic acid

Answer 32

phosphate pentose sugar group nitogenous base

Question 33

there are 2 types of nucleic acids

Answer 33

RNA -ribo nucleic acid | DNA - deoxy ribo nucleic acid

Question 34

smal definition of DNA

Answer 34

structural component of DNA is deoxy ribo nucleotide | DNA transfer genetic information from generation to generation

Question 35

small definition of RNA

Answer 35

structural component in RNA is ribo nucleotide function of RNA is to synthesis protein

Question 36

significance of nucleic acids

Answer 36

important in storage of genetic information important to synthesis of protein important to pass genetic information from generation to generation RNA hold strong generic information of viruses important to control all cellular activities in a cell.

Question 37

what is trace and marco elements (mineral )

Answer 37

elements needed in higher amounts are known as macro elements elements needed in smaller amounts are known as trace elements