Biology - chemical basics of life Flashcards

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1
Q

what are main bio molecules

A

carbohydrate
protein
lipids
nucleic acid

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2
Q

carbohydrate can be divided into 3 parts

A

monosaccharide
disaccharide
polysaccharide

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3
Q

types of monosaccharide?

A

glucose
fructose
galactose

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4
Q

small definition of monosaccharide

A

Monosaccharides are known as simple sugar
they are sweet, water-soluble and crystal-shaped
a monosaccharide is the structural unit of carbohydrate

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5
Q

glucose

A

1) glucose is preset in bee honey and ripen fruits
2) they are the end product of hydrolysis of all starchy food.
3) glucose is absorbed into the blood
4) plants produce glucose during photo thesis
5) energy is released during the breakdown of glucose in cellular respiration

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6
Q

fructose

A

1) present in ripen fruit, bee honey, pumpkin, and carrots
2) know as fruit sugar
3) formed during the ripening of fruits
4) sweetest sugar of all

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7
Q

Galactose

A

1) present in dairy products
2) no sweet taste
3) end product of hydrolysis of lactose

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8
Q

small definition about disaccharide

A

1) monosaccharide + monosaccharide = disaccharide
2) during the process a water molecule is removed
3) sweet, crystal shape, water-soluble

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9
Q

maltose

A

1) present in germinating seeds
2) union of 2 glucose molecules produces maltose
3) intermediate product of starch hydrolysis

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10
Q

sucrose

A

1) present in the phloem sap of tree, white and brown sugar, sugar cane, beet, some fruits
2) glucose + fructose = sucrose + water

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11
Q

lactose

A

1) present in dairy products
2) glucose + galactose = lactose + water
3) no sweet taste
4) lactose present in human milk is 6% -7%
present in cow milk is 4% - 6%

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12
Q

small definition about polysaccharide

A

1) a large number of monosaccharides combined together to form
polysaccharide
2) insoluble in water, not crystal shaped

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13
Q

cellulose

A

1) present in cell wall of plant cell

2) don’t digest in human body, but helps to avoid constipation

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14
Q

starch

A

1) present in jak, breadfruits, yams, grains

2) carbohydrate type that store in plants in starch

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15
Q

glycogen

A

1) present in animal liver and muscles

2) type of carbohydrate that stores in animal body is glycogen

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16
Q

significances of carbohydrate

A

1) as an energy source
2 ) as a structural compound
3) as a main component of plant cell wall
4) as a constituent of nucleic acid

17
Q

test to identify starch

A

mix a small amount of starch food with water and add into a test tube
then add IODINE SOLUTION to it

color before - brown
color after - purplish blue

18
Q

test to identify glucose

A

a glucose solution is obtained into a test tube. add a few drops of Benedict solution to it. then immerse it in a water bath and hear it

color change
blue - green - green yellow-orange- brick red precipitate

19
Q

test to identify sucrose

A

1) few drops of dilute acid are added into a freshly prepared sugar solution and heat it.
2) then add a few drops of sodium hydroxide to neutralize the medium
3) then add a few forms of benedict solution

color change :
blue- green- green yellow-orange - brick red precipitate

20
Q

small definition of protein

A

protein is an essential constituent of the human body
17% of the body is composed of protein
protein is a complex molecule made up of polymerized the amino acid molecule
protein contains C, H, O, N, and sometimes S

21
Q

amino acid

A

the simplest amino acid is glycine

some amino acids cant be synthesized within the body so they need to be taken from outside with food. they are known as essential amino acids.

22
Q

significance of protein

A
as an energy source
to make structural components
as antibodies
as enzymes
as hormones
22
Q

significance of protein

A
as an energy source
to make structural components
as antibodies
as enzymes
as hormones
23
Q

test to identify protein

A

1) small amount of grinded dhal or egg white is obtained into a test tube
2) add an extra amount of sodium hydroxide and then a few drops of copper sulphate to it

the color turns into purple

24
Q

significance of protein

A
as an energy source
to make structural components
as antibodies
as hormones
as enzymes
25
Q

small definition about enzymes

A

enzymes are a special protein that is produced within the organism to increase the rate of bio chemical reaction

the activity of enzymes is to catalyze bio chemical reactions

26
Q

small definition about lipids

A

lipids which are solid at room temperature are fats, liquids are oils

lipids also contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen ( but contain less oxygen than carbohydrates)

lipids are insoluble in inorganic compounds including water but soluble in organic compounds

fatty acids + glycerol = lipids + water

lipids are present in magarine , coconut, gingerly ,butter,ground nut

27
Q

significance of lipids

A
as an energy source
to make structural components
for conservation of water 
to protect internal body organs
to maintain body temperature
28
Q

test to identify lipids

A

add gingerly oil or coconut oil into a test tube

add Sudan III reagent to it

red fat globules appear

29
Q

fatty acids can be divided into 2 groups

A

saturated fatty acids

unsaturated fatty acids

30
Q

define saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids

A

saturated fatty acids

fatty acids which contain one bond with carbon are known as saturated fatty acids. they exist in room tempo at solid-state or semi-solid state

unsaturated fatty acids

fatty acids which contain more than one bond with carbon are known as unsaturated fatty acids. they exist in room tempo at liquid state

31
Q

small definition about nucleic acid

A

nucleic acid is the most important bio molecule

it’s a linear polymer made up of a large number of nucleotides

it contains carbon, hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorous.

32
Q

there are 3 main components of nucleic acid

A

phosphate
pentose sugar group
nitogenous base

33
Q

there are 2 types of nucleic acids

A

RNA -ribo nucleic acid

DNA - deoxy ribo nucleic acid

34
Q

smal definition of DNA

A

structural component of DNA is deoxy ribo nucleotide

DNA transfer genetic information from generation to generation

35
Q

small definition of RNA

A

structural component in RNA is ribo nucleotide

function of RNA is to synthesis protein

36
Q

significance of nucleic acids

A

important in storage of genetic information

important to synthesis of protein

important to pass genetic information from generation to generation

RNA hold strong generic information of viruses

important to control all cellular activities in a cell.

37
Q

what is trace and marco elements (mineral )

A

elements needed in higher amounts are known as macro elements

elements needed in smaller amounts are known as trace elements