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Biology Chapter 9 (Transport in Animals) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the circulatory system?

A
  1. To transport oxygen from the lungs to the body cell
  2. To transport nutrients to body cells
  3. To remove wastes such as carbon dioxide
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2
Q

What is a single-circulatory system?

A

When the blood flows through the heart only once per complete circuit

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3
Q

Disadvantages of single circulatory system?

A
  1. Rapid fall of velocity and pressure
  2. The pressure is too low for efficient kidney function
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4
Q

What is meant by a double circulation?

A

When the blood flows through the heart twice per complete circuit. Once to get the blood to the lungs and second to carry the blood to rest of body and back.

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5
Q

Name the two major circulations?

A

Pulmonary circulation (from the heart to lungs)
Systemic circulation (from the heart to rest of the body.)

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6
Q

Advantages of a double circulation system?

A
  1. Oxygenated blood is kept separate from deoxygenated blood.
  2. The blood pressure in the system is kept higher
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7
Q

How many chambers make up the heart?

A

4 chambers

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8
Q

Which chamber pumps out the blood in the heart?

A

The ventricle

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9
Q

Which chambers receive blood in the heart?

A

The atrium

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10
Q

What are the function of valves in the heart?

A

It prevents blood backflow and keeps it moving in the same direction

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11
Q

How many valves in the heart?

A

4 valves

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12
Q

Name the valves in the heart?

A

Bicuspid, Tricuspid and 2 semilunar valves

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13
Q

What are the function of cuspid valves?

A

Prevents backflow of blood into the atrium when the ventricle contracts

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14
Q

What is the function of the semilunar valves?

A

They prevent blood from backflowing into the ventricle after the ventricle contracts.

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15
Q

Why is the muscle in the left ventricle thicker than the right ventricle?

A

Because it needs to generate more force inorder to pump blood to the whole body and back.

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16
Q

What separates the oxygenated and deoxygenated bloodi n the heart?

A

The Septum separates the oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

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17
Q

What is the meaning of Diastole?

A

When the heart muscle realxes, lowering preassure.

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18
Q

What is the meaning of Systole?

A

When the heart muscle contracts, raising preassure.

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19
Q

What muscle is the heart made up of?

A

Cardiac muscles.

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20
Q

What creates the beating sound in heart?

A

The first beat is created by the closing cupid valve.
The second beat is from the closing semilunar valve.

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21
Q

How can the activities of the heart be meassures?

A
  1. Making an ECG that shows the regular pattern
  2. Measuring the pulse rate
  3. By the beats of the closing valves in the heart.
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22
Q

Define coronary arteries?

A

Blood vessels that provide glucose and oxygen to the heart while getting rid of the waste.

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23
Q

What will happen if a part of the coronary artery is blocked?

A

That part can not receive oxygen and glucose, and will eventually stop contracting, leading to a heart attack.

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24
Q

What is Atherosclerosis?

A

A condition in which plaque build up in the arteries and blocks the travel of blood.

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25
What is plaque made out of?
Fatty substances and cellular waste products
26
How does plaque lead to heart attack?
When the plaque bloods up and ruptures the artery, the blood clots around it which blocks blood flow in coronary arteries. Due to the blocked arteries, the brain and heart won't get the oxygen and glucose needed and so they start to die.
27
Factors that increase the risk of coronary heart disases?
1. Poor diet 2. Poor lifestyle: smoking and lack of exercise 3. Genetic factors; Having a family history of heart disease, being a male.
28
Ways to reduce risk of coronary heart disease?
1. Reducing fatty and cholesterol-high foods. 2. Regularly exercising can ensure better blood flow 3. Avoid smoking as nicotine in cigarettes can damage blood vessels.
29
Ways to treat coronary heart disease?
1. Aspirin seems to help stop small clots which could block arteries. 2. Angioplasty: a special cable is passed through the narrowed artery and inflated to widen the artery. It is used to insert a metal cage tube which would force the artery open and stop it from collapsing. 3. Coronary artery bypass operation: where a bloodvessel is removed from another part of the body and stitched into place between the artery and unblocked part of the coronary artery.
30
Define Angioplasty?
a special cable is passed through the narrowed artery and inflated to widen the artery. It is used to insert a metal cage tube which would force the artery open and stop it from collapsing
31
Name the 5 blood vessels?
Arteries, Arterioles, Capillaries, Venules, Veins
32
Function of arteries?
Large vessels that carry blood away from the heart.
33
Function of veins?
Carry blood towards the heart
34
Function of Arterioles?
Small arteries that deliver blood to capillaries
35
Function of Capillaries?
Tiny tubes which deliver and collect blood as close as possible to the cells.
36
Function of Venules?
Small veins that collect blood from capillaries.
37
List the structure of blood vessels?
1. Tough outer layer (collagen) 2. Muscle layer 3. Elastic layer 4. Endothelium 5. Lumen
38
Function of the Collagen?
Tough outer layer to resist pressure
39
Function of Muscle layer?
It can contract and control the flow of blood
40
Function of Elastic layer?
It can stretch and recoil to maintain blood pressure
41
Function of the Endothelium?
A smooth layer to prevent friction
42
Function of Lumen?
The empty space that the blood flows through
43
Structure of Arteries?
1. Thick muscle and elastic layer to resist the high preassure. 2. Small lumen to create high pressure 3. No valves
44
Structure of Arterioles?
1. Smaller than arteries 2. Thicker muscle layer than arteries to adjust their diameter. 3. Thinner elastic layer than arteries 4. No valves
45
Structure of Veins and Venules?
1. Thin muscle and Elastic layer 2. Wide lumen 3. Valves to prevent backflow of the blood
46
How does vein get the blood to the heart?
With the help of skeletal muscles that squeeze the veins and help the blood get back to the heart.
47
Structure of capillaries?
No muscle, No elastic layer, No valves, One cell thin ( to allow for better diffusion)
48
Function of Coronary vessels?
They are responsible for gas/nutrients/waste exchange in the cardiac muscle.
49
Function of Aorta?
To carry blood from the heart to the rest of the body
50
Function of Vena cava?
To deliver the blood to the heart from the body
51
How many vena cava are there?
2 vena cavas
52
Function of pulmonary arteries?
To deliver blood from the heart to the lungs
53
Function of pulmonary veins?
To deliver the blood from the lungs to the heart.
54
What is the blood composition?
55% plasma 45% Erythrocytes (Red blood cells) 1% Leukocytes (White blood cells) and platelets
55
Define plasma?
Liquid part of blood. A dilute solution of salts, glucose, amino acids, vitamins, urea, proteins and fats.
56
Function of white blood cells?
Involved in the immune system.
57
Function of platelets?
Involved in blood clotting
58
Where is blood formed?
In the bone marrow
59
What is the protein for blood clotting?
Fibrinogen
60
Name the Vein/Artery that carry blood to and from the liver.
Hepatic vein/Artery
61
Name the Vein/Artery that carries blood to and from the kidney.
Renal vein/Artery
62
Name the Vein/Artery that transport blood to and from the lower part of the body.
Iliac vein/Artery
63
Name the vein/Artery that transports blood to and from the stomach.
Mesenteric artery and hepatic portal vein
64
Function of Plasma?
Transports substances around the body: 1. CO2 from cells to lungs 2. Urea from liver to kidneys 3. Hormones 4. Enzymes 5. Antibodies 6. Fibrinogen 7. heat
65
Function of Leucocytes (White blood cells)
Defense using: 1. Phagocytes 2. Lymphocytes
66
How do Phagocytes help defend the body?
They engulf and destroy the pathogens (microbes)
67
How to Lymphocytes help defend the body?
They produce anti-bodies and anti-toxins
68
Function of Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
Transports oxygen from the heart using Hemoglobin, contains no Nucleus
69
Structure of red blood cells?
1. Contains haemoglobin (Hb) - Requires Fe to form 2. Biconcave disk - Large surface area for O2 diffusion 3. Nu nucleus - To allow for more Hb 4. Flexible - To squeeze through capillaries
70
How do platelets help clot the blood?
They convert insoluble blood protein fibrinogen into insoluable fibrin threads which help trap the blood.
71
Importance of blood cloting?
Helps in preventing further blood loss and to keep pathogens out of blood.
72
Define Tissue Fluid?
The waste material produced by the cells
73
How is excess Tissue fluid absorbed?
By the lymphatic system
74
Function of lymph nodes?
As the lymph returns to the blood vessel it is filtered by the lymph nodes which produce Lymphocytes to remove harmful microbes and prevent infection.
75
How does the lymph move along the lymphatic vessel?
It is moved along the lymph vessel by contraction of skeletal muscles and surrounding tissues to squeeze the lymph along.
76
How do lymph vessels prevent backflow?
They have valves that prevent backflow of lymph.

Biology (7 decks)

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