Biology Chapter 11 (Respiration and Gas exchange) Flashcards
Define respiration?
A chemical reaction that happens in all our cells to release energy.
What can the energy from respiration be used for in human body?
. Contraction of muscle cells to produce movement
. Active transport of molecules and ions
. Building large molecules, such as protein
. Cell division
. Growth
. Passage of nerve impulses
. Maintain body temperatures
Define Aerobic respiration?
A respiration which requires oxygen
Define anaerobic respiration?
A respiration which does not require oxygen
Difference between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration?
- Aerobic respiration:
.Occurs in mitochondria
. Produces more ATP than anaerobic respiration - Anaerobic respiration:
. Occurs in cytoplasm
. Produces less Energy than aerobic respiration.
What does ATP stand for?
Adenosine triphosphate
Advantages of using ATP instead of glucose?
. ATP releases its energy instantly in a single reaction
. The hydrolysis of ATP releases a small amount of energy, ideal for fueling reactions in the body.
Word equation for aerobic respiration?
Glucose + Oxygen —> Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy (36ATP)
What is the chemical equation for aerobic respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36ATP
Word equation for anaerobic respiration in yeast?
Glucose —-> Ethanol + Carbon dioxide + Energy (2ATP)
Word equation for anaerobic respiration in muslces?
Glucose —> Lactic acid + Energy (2ATP)
Fermentation is an —— respiration?
Anaerobic
The energy released by anaerobic respiration is considerably —– than the energy from aerobic respiration?
Less
Define aerobic bacteria?
Bacteria which need oxygen in order to respire are called aerobic bacteria.
Define anaerobic bacteria?
Bacteria which can respire without needing oxygen.
Where are aerobic bacteria found?
likely to be found in
1. air
2. water
3. Soil
Where can anaerobic bacteria be found?
They are found in situations where oxygen is lacking like:
1. stagnant water
2. Waterlogged soil
3. Intestines of animals
Define oxygen debt?
The heavy breathing after exercise which supplies enough oxygen to the body to break down the lactic acid produced.
Where is lactic acid broken down after exercise?
The liver
The word equation for breaking down lactic acid?
Lactic acid + Oxygen —> Carbon dioxide + Water + energy
What happens to the excess lactic acid that is not broken down?
It is converted to glycogen and stored in muscle cells
Define respiratory rate?
The rate at which an organism converts glucose to carbon dioxide.
What is the instrument used to measure respiratory rate in small organisms?
A respirometer
Define ventilation?
Movement of air into and out of the lungs in 2 stages, and is controlled by the movement of the diaphragm and ribcage.
What are the two stages of ventilation?
Inspiration and expiration
Define gas exchange?
The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the blood at the alveoli and the respiring tissues.
Define cellular respiration?
The production of ATP at the cellular level.
Adaptations of alveoli?
. Large surface area for diffusion
. Moist to help dissolve gases and increase diffusion rate
. Large amount of capillaries / Rich blood supply to maintain a steep diffusion gradient between the alveoli and the blood.
. One cell thick to increase rate of diffusion
In what order does oxygen travel in out body?
- Nose
- Trachea
- Bronchi
- Bronchioles
- Alveoli
What is trachea?
Tube with incomplete rings of cartilage carries air to lungs; lined with cells making mucus, and cells with cilia to move the pathogens and dust away.
Function of bronchi?
Carries air to lungs
Function of bronchioles?
Carry air to lungs
Function of alveoli?
Tiny air sacs adapted for gas exchange
Function of diaphragm?
Sheet of muscle with a fibrous middle part which is domed; it helps make breathing movements and separates the thorax from the abdomen
Function of ribs?
Bones that protect and ventilate the lungs
Function of intercoastal muscle?
Moves ribs for ventilation
Function of pleural membrane?
Thin moist membranes forming an airtight seal around the lungs and separating inside of the thorax from the lungs
The function of the epiglottis in the trachea?
The epiglottis closes the trachea and stops food going down the trachea when you swallow.
What is the name of the cartilage in the trachea?
Epiglottis
What are the two epithelium cells in the respiratory system?
Goblet cells and Cilliated cells
The function of goblet cells?
Goblet cells produce mucus alongside the trachea which traps the dust and pathogens.
The function of Ciliated cells?
Ciliated cells use the cilia to sweep away the pathogens and dust up the trachea for them to be swallowed
Test for hydrogen
Burning splint ( produces pop sounds)
Test for carbon dioxide
Lime water
Function of soda lime
To absorb carbon dioxide
Adaptation of alveoli for gas exchange?
- They are thin for rapid diffusion
- They are moist for diffusion of gases
- They are surrounded by lots of blood vessels
- They have a large surface area
Explain the process of inhalation?
When the diaphragm contracts, it flattens and also the External intercoastal muscles contract which increases the volume of the lungs. This decreases the pressure which causes the air to rush in from the outside, feeling up our lungs.
Explain the process of exhalation?
When the diaphragm relaxes and the volume of the lungs decreases, the internal intercostal muscle contracts and pulls the ribs inwards the pressure increases and so the air rushes to the outside.
Name the two layers of rib muscles?
Internal intercoastal and External intercoastal
Function of External intercoastal muscle?
It contracts to pull the ribs upwards and putwards.
Function of intercoastal muscles?
Internal intercoastal muscles contract to pull the ribs closer together and pull the ribcage down.
Why is mouth to mouth resuscitation effective?
Because the air loses only some of its oxygen content
The percentage of oxygen inhaled during breathing?
21%
The percentage of oxygen exhaled during breathing?
16%
The percentage of Nitrogen inhaled during breathing?
70%
The percentage of Nitrogen exhaled during breathing?
70%
The percentage of carbon dioxide inhaled during breathing?
0.04%
The percentage of carbon dioxide exhalation during breathing?
4%
The percentage of water molecules inhaled during breathing?
Less than 1%
The percentage of water molecules exhaled during breathing?
3%
Why are there more water molecules in expired air?
because the water and moisture on many of the gas exchange surfaces evaporate into the air.
