Biology Chapter 10 (Diseases and Immunity)

Question 1

Define pathogens?

Answer 1

Micro-organisms that cause harm to your body

Question 2

How are disease caused?

Answer 2

When pathogen enter our body and breed.

Question 3

Name the 4 types of pathogens?

Answer 3

1. Virus
2. Bacteria
3. Fungi
4. Protoctists

Question 4

Description of Bacteria?

Answer 4

Single-celled organisms without a nucleus

Question 5

Description of Vruses?

Answer 5

Thread-like particles that reproduce by taking over living cells

Question 6

Description of Fungi?

Answer 6

Simple organisms including mushrooms and yeasts, that grow as single cells or thread-like filaments.

Question 7

Description of protozoa?

Answer 7

Single-celled organisms with a nucleus.

Question 8

2 ways pathogens enter our body?

Answer 8

Through Direct and Indirect contact

Question 9

Ways of indirect Transmission?

Answer 9

1. Vector transmission through animals like insects.
2. Food transmission by eating raw food
3. Drinking contaminated or dirty water

Question 10

List the bodily defences?

Answer 10

1. Mechanical barriers: Skin and Nose hairs
2. Chemical Barriers: i. The gut, ii. Lysozyme (Enzymes that destroy bacteria in tears), iii. Cilia and Mucus
3. White blood cells: Phagocytes and Lymphocytes

Question 11

Ways to maintain food hygine?

Answer 11

1. Wash hands before eating
2. Never cough or sneeze over food
3. Keep animals away from food
4. Do not keep food at room temperature
5. keep raw meat away from foods

Question 12

How to maintain personal hygine?

Answer 12

1. Shower daily
2. Wash hair regularly
3. Wash hands regularly
4. Shave daily
5. Use deodorant
6. Brush teeth twice a day

Question 13

name the 2 types of wastes?

Answer 13

Biodegradable and non-biodegradable.

Question 14

How is biodegradable waste disposed?

Answer 14

It is collected and taken to landfill sites and is covered with soil. The covered soil compacts the waste and squeezes the water out. The waste is then decomposed by bacteria in the soil which releases methane, the methane is then taken out through piped and used as fuel.

Question 15

What is sewage?

Answer 15

Sewage is a waste liquid from houses and industries, it is mostly water and also includes urine, feces, toilet paper and detergants.

Question 16

Describe antigens?

Answer 16

Proteins expressed by pathogens which the immune system recognizes as foreign and hence would attack.

Question 17

How to anti bodies kill pathogens?

Answer 17

They stick to and mark the pathogens. The marked pathogens clump together to be ingested by phagocytes, The antibodies may neutralise the poison from the pathogens or they may destroy the pathogens themselves.

Question 18

Is the action of Anti-body specific?

Answer 18

Yes as each antibody will stick to one type of Antigen (Pathogens).

Question 19

Describe memory cells?

Answer 19

After infection, some lymphocytes are kept as “memory cells” so that they can produce antibodies faster in the future if infected by the same pathogen.

Question 20

How do phagocytes fight pathogens?

Answer 20

They detect pathogens through Antigens and get to them by squeezing through the capillaries, they then ingest the pathogens and digest them.

Question 21

How dose Active immunity develop?

Answer 21

During the initial exposure, it takes time for the lymphocytes to form clones to find the pathogen after the pathogen is dealt with some lymphocyte clones remain and the next time the same infection happens it takes less time to fight it as there are memory cells.

Question 22

Name the 2 types of lymphocytes?

Answer 22

Lymphocyte B (They create antibodies)
Lymphocyte T (get rid of infected cells to help direct the immune response)

Question 23

How does one gain Artificial active immunity?

Answer 23

Individuals use vaccines to induce lymphocytes to produce antibodies and gain the memory to become immune to the pathogens.

Question 24

Define herd immunity?

Answer 24

If only a few people are vaccinated then the disease can spread fast from one infection, however, if many are vaccinated then the disease can’t spread far.

Question 25

Define passive immunity?

Answer 25

gain read-made antibodies, no memory cells and only short-term immunity.

Question 26

Describe Natural passive immunity?

Answer 26

When newborn children get antibodies through their mother’s breast milk and the placenta.

Question 27

Describe Artificial passive immunity?

Answer 27

Antibodies are collected from lab animals and stored as a serum which is then injected into individuals to combat fast-acting diseases.

Question 28

Describe autoimmune diseases?

Answer 28

Caused by the body producing antibodies which destroy its own cells for example type 1 diabetes.

Question 29

Describe allergies?

Answer 29

When the body becomes sensitive and overreacts, causing swelling and tissue damage. For example Bee/Wasp stings.

Question 30

Define transplant rejections?

Answer 30

Recipient’s lymphocytes may recognize antigens on the surface of donor organs as foreign objects and slowly destroy them.

Question 31

Name problems with the immune system?

Answer 31

1. Autoimmune disease
2. Allergies
3. Transplant Rejection

Question 32

What part of blood transports dissolved carbon dioxide?

Answer 32

Plasma

Question 33

What is the function of white blood cells?

Answer 33

They create anti-bodies and perform phagocytosis

Question 34

Functions of Insulin?

Answer 34

. To reduce blood sugar level
. To create a pathway for glucose to enter cells.

Question 35

Describe the shape of lymphocytes

Answer 35

They have large and regular shaped nucleus

Question 36

How does urease help bacteria survive in the stomach?

Answer 36

By producing ammonia which neutralizes the acid in the stomach

Question 37

Define drugs?

Answer 37

Substances that alter how the body works

Question 38

Why antibiotics can not be used to treat HIV?

Answer 38

Because antibiotic have no affect on viruses, as there is no cell wall for them to act on.

Question 39

Describe long term effects of HIV on the immune system.

Answer 39

Phagocytes will be destroyed, lymphocytes will be killed, less anti bodies produced and a weaker immune response.

Question 40

Ways that structure of bacteria differs from virus?

Answer 40

1. Cell wall
2. Cell membrane
3. Cytoplasm
4. Loop of DNA
5. Ribosomes

Question 41

Ways that HIV is transmitted?

Answer 41

1. From mother to baby at birth
2. Unprotected sex
3. Sharing needles
4. Blood transfusion