Biology Chapter 2: Cells, Cell Division, and Cell Specialization Flashcards
1
Q
Cytoplasm Structure
A
- Mostly water with other substances
- Chemical reactions make it jelly-like to liquid
2
Q
Cytoplasm Function
A
- Space to contain organelles
- Allows organelles to move (flow) through the cell
3
Q
Cell Membrane Structure
A
- Duel layer, made up of proteins and lipids (fats)
- Flexible, plasma membrane - fluid mosaic model
4
Q
Cell Membrane Function
A
- Boundary of the cell, support
- Selectively permeable, controls what goes in and out
- Allows some substances to enter (water, oxygen), but not others
5
Q
Cell Wall Structure
A
- Outside cell membrane
- Made of cellulose
6
Q
Cell Wall Function
A
- Provides structure and support for the cell
- Protection
7
Q
Nucleus Structure
A
- roughly spherical
- largest organelle in animal cells
- surrounded by nuclear membrane
- DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) inside it
8
Q
Nucleus Function
A
- Controls all functions of cell
- Directs cell division and formation of cell structures
- DNA carries coded instructions for all cell activity
9
Q
Mitochondria Structure
A
- Oval (bean) shaped
- Can be 1 or more depending on need
10
Q
Mitochondria Function
A
- Contain enzymes to to convert stored energy to usable energy (glucose) through cellular respiration
- Make energy available to the cell
- Active cells have more mitochondria
11
Q
Endoplasmic Reticulum Structure
A
- 3D network of branching tubes & pockets
12
Q
Endoplasmic Reticulum Function
A
- Fluid-filled tubes transport materials through the cell
- Connects nuclear membrane to cell membrane
13
Q
Vacuole Structure
A
- Membranous fluid-filled sac
14
Q
Vacuole Function
A
- Stores or removes substances from the cell
- In plants, stores a significant amount of water
- When these are full of water, the plant’s stems and leaves are firm.
- If the water level drops, the vacuoles lose pressure and the cells become soft. The stems and leaves become droopy until the water is replaced.
15
Q
Golgi Bodies Structure
A
- Looks like a stack of pancakes
16
Q
Golgi Bodies Function
A
- Collect and process materials to be removed from cell
- Makes and secretes mucous
17
Q
Chloroplast Structure
A
- Contains chlorophyll (green pigment)
18
Q
Chloroplast Function
A
- Absorbs light (solar) energy, used to make own food for plants (photosynthesis)
19
Q
Cell Theory
A
- All living things are made up of one or
more cells. - The cell is the simplest unit that can carry
out all life processes. - All cells come from other cells.
20
Q
Types of Cells
A
- Prokaryotes
- Eukaryotes
21
Q
Qualities of Prokaryotes
A
- All are unicellular
- Includes Eubacteria and Archaebacteria
- Structurally simple:
1. Lack a nucleus
2. Lack membranous organelles
22
Q
Qualities of Eukaryotes
A
- Unicellular or multicellular
- Includes plants, animals, fungi and protists
- Contain:
1. Membrane-bound nucleus
2. Numerous membrane-bound organelles:
Mitochondria
Golgi apparatus
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Vacuoles
23
Q
Organelle
A
- a cell structure that performs a
specific function for the cell
24
Q
Asexual reproduction
A
- the process of producing offspring from only one parent
- the production of offspring that are
genetically identical to the parent - Cell division called mitosis
25
Q
Sexual reproduction
A
- Genetic information from two cells is combined to form a new organism.
- Generally involves two specialized sex cells (gametes) that unite to form a zygote.
- Gametes are formed through a process called MEIOSIS.
Examples: - Vertebrate animals
- Plants (with cones, flowers)
26
Q
Interphase
A
The phase of the cell cycle
during which the cell performs its normal
functions and its genetic material is copied
in preparation for the cell division