Biology Chapter 13 Flashcards
Who created the disease-resistant potato and many other selectively bred plants?
Luther Burbank
What is selective breeding?
Allowing only the animals with desirable characteristics to reproduce
What are the two different types of selective breeding? Which form crosses dissimilar objects hoping to bring together the best?
Hybridization and inbreeding; hybridization
What is the main risk of inbreeding?
Genetic defects from the combinations of recessive alleles
How do breeders preserve genetic variation for selective breeding?
Inducing mutations
What two ways can breeders increase the rate of mutation?
Radiation and chemicals
True or false: While polyploidy is good in animals, it is bad in plants.
False (good in plants, bad in animals)
What is genetic engineering?
Making changes in the DNA code of a living organsim
What four steps do molecular biologists use to study and change DNA molecules?
Extract DNA from cells
Cut DNA into smaller pieces
Identify the sequence of bases
Make copies
How do biologists get DNA out of a cell?
The cell is opened and the DNA is separated
What do biologists use to cut DNA molecules at a specific sequence of nucleotides to make smaller fragments?
Restriction enzymes
What does gel electrophoresis do?
Separates and analyzes DNA fragments
True or false: When fragments move during gel electrophoresis, they go from the negative side to the positive.
True
What process is used to identify one particular gene in an individual’s genome?
Gel electrophoresis
What does identifying the DNA sequence allow researchers to do?
Study specific genes, compare genes between organisms, and discover the functions of different genes and gene combinations
What can enzymes that splice DNA together also be used to join?
Synthetic DNA sequences and natural DNA sequences
How is recombinant DNA produced?
Enzymes move a gene of one organism onto the DNA of another
What is a PCR and what does it stand for?
A PCR (polymerase chain reaction) makes one piece of DNA copy multiple times
What occurs during transformation?
A cell takes in DNA from outside the cell and uses it to make DNA for the cell
What is a plasmid?
A small, circular DNA molecule found naturally in some bacteria
True or false: A plasmid has a genetic marker.
True
What is the outcome of a during a successful transformation of cells?
The recombinant DNA is integrated into one of the chromosomes of the cell
What happens during transformation in animal cells?
DNA is injected into the nucleus of an egg cell. While inside, enzymes help the foreign DNA into the chromosomes. The DNA has a genetic marker so scientists can see what was transformed.
What is a transgenic organism?
An organism that contains genes from other species
