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Biology Semester 2 > Biology Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Biology Chapter 12 Flashcards

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0
Q

True or false: Mice injected with a mixture of bacteria from harmful, heat- killed bacteria and live rough colonies survived.

A

False (the mice died)

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1
Q

True or false: The bacteria that cause pneumonia grew in smooth colonies while harmless bacteria had rough edges.

A

True

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2
Q

What is transformation?

A

A process in which one strain of bacteria is changed by a gene or genes from another strain of bacteria

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3
Q

True or false: Avery and his colleagues thought that the molecule required in transformation might be the molecule of a gene.

A

True

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4
Q

Transformation did not occur when what was destroyed?

A

DNA

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5
Q

What did Avery and his colleagues conclude?

A

DNA stores and transmits genetic information

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6
Q

What is a virus that infects bacteria?

A

Bacteriophage

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7
Q

True or false: The genetic information of a bacteriophage is stored in proteins.

A

False (it’s stored in DNA)

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8
Q

What three things make up a nucleotide?

A

Deoxyribose, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

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9
Q

How many carbons does deoxyribose have?

A

5

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10
Q

What are the four nitrogenous bases?

A

Adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine

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11
Q

True or false: Adenine and guanine make up the pyrimidines while cytosine and thymine make up the purines.

A

False (switch purines and pyrimidines)

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12
Q

What makes up the DNA backbone?

A

Sugar and phosphate groups

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13
Q

What shape is DNA?

A

A double helix

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14
Q

Where is DNA stored in prokaryotes?

A

Cytoplasm

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15
Q

Where is DNA stored in eukaryotes?

A

The nucleus

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16
Q

True or false: Eukaryotic cells have more DNA than eukaryotic cells.

A

True

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17
Q

What are the proteins that get DNA wrapped around them called?

A

Histones

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18
Q

What do nucleosomes do?

A

They squeeze lots of DNA into a small space

19
Q

What are the places where DNA is separated called?

A

Replication forks

20
Q

What breaks when DNA is unzipped?

A

Hydrogen bonds between the base pairs

21
Q

What is the complementary strand to TACGTT?

A

ATGCAA

22
Q

What does DNA polymerase do in DNA replication?

A

It joins nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule and acts as the principle enzyme in DNA replication

23
Q

What is the difference between RNA and DNA?

A

The sugar in RNA is ribose while it is deoxyribose in DNA
RNA is generally single-stranded
RNA has uracil in place of DNA’s thymine

24
Q

What does RNA have the information to?

A

Making proteins

25
Q

What are the three main types of RNA?

A

Messenger, ribosomal, and transfer

26
Q

What one job are most RNA molecules involved in?

A

Protein synthesis

27
Q

What type of RNA carries information for making amino acids into proteins?

A

Messenger

28
Q

What

A

.

29
Q

What happens during transcription?

A

RNA molecule are produced

30
Q

What type of RNA moves each amino acid to the ribosome to help assemble proteins?

A

Transfer RNA

31
Q

True or false: The amino acids that transfer RNA carries is based off of the mRNA codon.

A

True

32
Q

Where are anticodons found?

A

tRNA

33
Q

What contains the instructions for assembling proteins?

A

Genes

34
Q

What are long chains of amino acids that make up proteins called?

A

Polypeptides

35
Q

What is a codon?

A

Three consecutive nucleotides that specify a single amino acid to be added to the polypeptide

36
Q

How many possible three-base codons can there be?

A

64

37
Q

What happens during translation?

A

The cell uses information from messenger RNA to produce proteins

38
Q

Where does translation take place?

A

Ribosomes

39
Q

Where does transcription take place?

A

Nucleus

40
Q

What is an anticodon?

A

An unpaired base carried by transfer RNA that is complementary to a mRNA codon

41
Q

What do enzymes do?

A

Catalyze (speed up) and regulate chemical reactions

42
Q

What are mutations?

A

Changes in genetic material

43
Q

True or false: Point mutations occur in many nucleotides.

A

False (only a few)

44
Q

What is a mutation that involves the insertion or deletion of a nuclotide?

A

Frameshift mutation

45
Q

What are the four types of chromosomal mutations?

A

Deletion, duplication, inversion, and translocation

46
Q

What is a polyploidy?

A

A condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes

Biology Semester 2 (6 decks)

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