Biology Chapter 10 and 11

Question 1

What are hormones

Answer 1

Chemical molecules released directly into the blood.

Question 2

What do hormones do

Answer 2

They control things in particular cells and organs (target organs) that need constant adjustment

Question 3

Where are hormones made (secreted)

Answer 3

Various glands called endocrine glands

Question 4

What makes up the endocrine system

Answer 4

Endocrine glands

Question 5

What is the role of the pituitary gland (master gland)

Answer 5

It produces many hormones that act on other glands directing them to release hormones

Question 6

What does the thyroid produce

Answer 6

Thyroxine

Question 7

What does thyroxine do

Answer 7

It regulates the rate of metabolism, hearts rate and temperature

Question 8

What does the adrenal gland do

Answer 8

Produces adrenaline

Question 9

What does adrenaline do

Answer 9

Prepares the body for a flight or fight response

Question 10

What do the ovaries do

Answer 10

Produce oestrogen to be used in mensural cycle

Question 11

What do the testes do

Answer 11

Produce testosterone which controls puberty and sperm production

Question 12

What does the pancreas do

Answer 12

Produces insulin which is used to regulate the bloods glucose level

Question 13

If blood glucose levels are too high what is added

Answer 13

Insulin

Question 14

If blood levels are too low what is added

Answer 14

Glucagon

Question 15

What is diabetes

Answer 15

When your body can’t control your blood sugar levels

Question 16

Type 1 diabetes

Answer 16

The pancreas don’t produce enough insulin, there blood sugar level is too high

Question 17

Solutions for type one diabetes

Answer 17

Insulin injections around meal times

Eat less food that is high in glucose

Question 18

Type 2 diabetes

Answer 18

Your body cells don’t respond properly to insulin, your blood sugar levels are too high because you are over weight.

Question 19

Menstrual cycle

Answer 19

The monthly release of an egg from a woman’s ovaries

Question 20

Stages of mensural cycle:

Answer 20

1. Uterus lining breaks down for about 4 days (mensuration starts)
2. Uterus lining builds up for about 10 days
3. An eggs develops and is released from the ovaries (ovulation)
4. The wall is maintained for 14 days, if no fertilised egg lands on it the whole cycle will start again

Question 21

What hormones control the mensural cycle (FOL P)

Answer 21

FSH
LH
Oestrogen
Progesterone

Question 22

Roles of FSH

Answer 22

Causes the egg to mature

Stimulates the produce of oestrogen

Question 23

Roles of oestrogen

Answer 23

Causes the lining of the uterus to grow

Stimulates the release of LH and inhibits release of FSH

Question 24

Roles of LH

Answer 24

Stimulates the release of an egg (ovulation)

Question 25

Roles of Progesterone

Answer 25

Maintains the the uterus lining | Inhibits the release of LH and FSH

Question 26

How can oestrogen be used as a contraceptive method

Answer 26

because it inhibits the release if FSH so if oestrogen is taken daily the egg won't mature, then the egg that is released won't be fertile

Question 27

Examples of hormonal contraception

Answer 27

The pill-contains oestrogen and progesterone Contraceptive patch- contains oestrogen and progesterone, lasts a week Contraceptive implant- put under skin of arm, releases progesterone, makes it hard for the sperm to reach the egg

Question 28

Non hormonal contraceptive methods (barriers)

Answer 28

Condoms Female condom Diagram (plastic cap)

Question 29

What hormones can be used to increase fertility

Answer 29

LH | FSH

Question 30

What is the process of IVF (in vitro fertilisation)

Answer 30

Collecting a woman's eggs and fertilise them in sperm in a lab The eggs then grows into embryos in an incubator Once some of the embryos are tiny balls of cells they are transferred to a woman's uterus

Question 31

What is ICSI (Intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection)

Answer 31

Where sperm in injected directly into an egg

Question 32

What is homeostasis

Answer 32

Maintaining a stable internal enviroment

Question 33

Why does the inside of your body need to be kept steady

Answer 33

Your cells need the right conditions in order to function properly

Question 34

What is a receptor

Answer 34

A cell which detects a stimulus

Question 35

What is the role of a coordination centre

Answer 35

It receives then processes information then organises a response

Question 36

What is the role of an effector

Answer 36

It produces a response which counteracts the change

Question 37

Examples of receptors

Answer 37

``` Taste receptors (on tongue) Sound receptors (in ear) ``` They can form part of a larger, complex organs (e.g. the retina of the eye is covered on light receptor cells)

Question 38

Examples of effectors

Answer 38

Muscles (respond by contraction) | Glands (respond by secreting hormones)

Question 39

What is the central nervous system (CNS)

Answer 39

Brain and spinal cords

Question 40

What is a sensory neurone

Answer 40

Neurones that carry information as electrical impulses from receptors to CNS

Question 41

What are motor neurones

Answer 41

The neurones that that carry electrical impulses from the CNS to effectors

Question 42

What are effectors

Answer 42

All your muscles and glands which respond to nervous impulses

Question 43

What is the order of the nervous system

Answer 43

Stimulus~Receptor~Sensory neurone~CNS~Motor neurone~Effector~Response

Question 44

What is a synapse

Answer 44

The connection between two neurones

Question 45

What happens at a synapse

Answer 45

A nerve signal is transferred by chemicals They diffuse across the gap They then set of a new nerve signal to the next neurone

Question 46

What are reflexes

Answer 46

Rapid automatic responses to certain stimuli that don't involve the conscious part of the brain

Question 47

Example of a reflex

Answer 47

When a bright light shines in your eyes your pupils go smaller so lees damage is done

Question 48

What is a reflex arc

Answer 48

The passage if information in a reflex (receptor to effector)

Question 49

What is the order of a reflex arc

Answer 49

``` Stimulus Sensory neurone Relay neurone Motor neurone Then it reaches a muscle which contracts ```

Question 50

What is reaction time

Answer 50

How quickly you respond to a stimulus