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Science > Biology Chapter 1 2 3 > Flashcards

Biology Chapter 1 2 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

1mm in micrometers

A

1000 micrometers

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2
Q

1 micrometer in nanometers

A

1000 nanometers

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3
Q

Different features of light microscope

A 
Eye piece
Objective lens
Course focus
Fine focus
Stage
Slide
Light
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4
Q

What is a light microscopes magnification

A

x2000

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5
Q

Electron microscope magnification

A

x 2000000

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6
Q

Formula for size of an object (magnification)

A

Magnification=size of image/actual size of object

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7
Q

What is resolution

A

How clear an image is

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8
Q

Different parts of an animal cell

A 
Nucleus
Cytoplasm 
Cell membrane
Mitochondria 
Ribosomes
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9
Q

How big is a animal cell

A

Around 10-30 mircometers

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10
Q

Roles of the nucleus

A

Controls the activities of the cell

Contains DNA and genes on the chromosomes which give it instructions for making proteins needed for making new cells

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11
Q

What is the role of the cytoplasm

A

A liquid gel where most the chemical reactions needed for life take place

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12
Q

What is the role of the cell membrane

A

Controls the passage of substances like glucose and mineral ions in the cell.

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13
Q

What is the role of mitochondria

A

Where aerobic respiration takes place, releasing energy for the cell. They are very small

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14
Q

What is the role of ribosomes

A

Where protein synthesis takes place making proteins for the cell

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15
Q

Features of plant cells (not included in animal cell)

A

Cell wall
Chloroplasts
Permeant vacuole

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16
Q

What is the role of the cell wall

A

It is mad of cellulose and strengthens and supports the cell

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17
Q

What is the role of chloroplasts

A

Contain chlorophyl

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18
Q

What is chlorophyl

A

Absorbs light so the plant can make food for photosynthesis

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19
Q

What is the role of a permanent vacuole

A

Filled with cell sap to keep the cell rigid to support the plant

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20
Q

What are eukaryotic cells

A

Animal cells and plant cells

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21
Q

What are prokaryotic cells

A

Single celled organisms. Their genetic material is not isn a nucleus but forms a single DNA loop as well as smaller loops called plasmids .

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22
Q

Features of bacteria cells

A

Slime capsule
Plasmids
Flagella
Genetic material

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23
Q

What is diffusion

A

Diffusion is the spreading off particles from a high conc to a low conc down a conc gradient

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24
Q

What tings effect the rate of diffusion

A

Different in conc
Temperature
Surface area

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25
Q

What substances move in and out of cells by diffusion

A

Glucose
Oxygen
Co2

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26
Q

What is osmosis

A

The movement of particles from a low conc to a high conc through a partially permeable membrane

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27
Q

Why is osmosis needed in plants

A

To help maintain turgor in the plant cells

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28
Q

What is turgor

A

The pressure in the plant cell that makes it rigid

29
Q

What is active transport

A

An energy requiring process that moves substances from a low conc to a high conc

30
Q

Where does active transport get the energy it needs

A

From the energy released from food in respiration

31
Q

Where is active transport used

A

In plant root hair cells

In your gut

32
Q

Why do plant root hairs cells need active transport

A

So they can absorb mineral ions required for healthy growth from very dilute solutions in the soil

33
Q

Why is active transport needed in your gut

A

It enables sugar molecules used for respiration to be absorbed from the gut (low conc) to the blood (high conc)

34
Q

In a body cell how many chromosomes are there

A

23 pairs

35
Q

What are chromosomes

A

threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes

36
Q

What are genes

A

Chemical factors that determine traits

37
Q

What is DNA

A

A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.

38
Q

What happens in mitosis

A

The cells nucleus divides

39
Q

What happens in the cell cycle

A

Replication of DNA (doubles all the chromosomes)
Mitosis
Cell divides

40
Q

What is differentiation

A

The process where cells become specialised and get a specific function

41
Q

What is a zygote

A

A single new cell (when the sperm meets the egg)

42
Q

What are embryonic stem cells

A

The cells in the embryo that haven’t been specialised yet

43
Q

Where do adults have stem cells

A

Bone marrow

44
Q

What are a group of cells called

A

Tissue

45
Q

What are a group of tissues working together called

A

An organ

Or muscle

46
Q

What are a group of organs working together called

A

An organ system

47
Q

What does the muscular tissue do in the stomach

A

Churns the food and digestive juices together

48
Q

What does the glandular tissue do in the stomach

A

Produces digestive juices that break down the food

49
Q

What does the epithelial tissue do

A

Covers the inside and out side of an organ

50
Q

What is glucoses chemical formula

A

C^6H^12O^6

51
Q

What are carbohydrates made up of

A

Units of sugar

52
Q

What are lipids

A

Fats and oils

53
Q

What are lipids made of

A

3 fatty acids joined to a molecule of glycerol

54
Q

What are proteins made up of

A

Long chain of amino acids

55
Q

How many amino acids are there

A

Around 20

56
Q

How do you test for starch

A

You put iodine in it and it will turn blue/black if if present

57
Q

How do you test for sugars

A

Beneticts solution will turn red if sugar is present

58
Q

How do you test for protein

A

Biuret reagent will turn purple if protein is present

59
Q

How do how test for lipids

A

Ethanol will give a cloudy white layer if lipids are present

60
Q

What is a catalyst

A

It increases the rate of chemical reactions without changing the chemical its self

61
Q

What are enzymes

A

Biological catalysts

62
Q

What is the lock and key theory

A

Where there is an enzyme with an active site and a substrate that fits perfectly in it
When the substate fills the active site it will split into products that will then leave the active site

63
Q

What is metabolism

A

The sum of all the chemical reactions in the body

64
Q

What things can effect enzyme reaction

A

Temp

PH

65
Q

Why does temp effect the enzyme

A

Because high temp denatures the enzyme by changing its active site

66
Q

What temp do most human enzymes work best at

A

37°

67
Q

What enzyme breaks down carbs

A

Carbohydrase breaks it down into simple sugars

68
Q

What enzyme breaks down protein

A

Protease breaks them down into amino acids

69
Q

What enzyme breaks down lipids

A

Lipase breaks it down into fatty acids and glycerol

Science (10 decks)

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