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Biology Chapter 1 2 3 Flashcards

1
Q

1mm in micrometers

A

1000 micrometers

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2
Q

1 micrometer in nanometers

A

1000 nanometers

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3
Q

Different features of light microscope

A 
Eye piece
Objective lens
Course focus
Fine focus
Stage
Slide
Light
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4
Q

What is a light microscopes magnification

A

x2000

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5
Q

Electron microscope magnification

A

x 2000000

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6
Q

Formula for size of an object (magnification)

A

Magnification=size of image/actual size of object

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7
Q

What is resolution

A

How clear an image is

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8
Q

Different parts of an animal cell

A 
Nucleus
Cytoplasm 
Cell membrane
Mitochondria 
Ribosomes
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9
Q

How big is a animal cell

A

Around 10-30 mircometers

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10
Q

Roles of the nucleus

A

Controls the activities of the cell

Contains DNA and genes on the chromosomes which give it instructions for making proteins needed for making new cells

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11
Q

What is the role of the cytoplasm

A

A liquid gel where most the chemical reactions needed for life take place

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12
Q

What is the role of the cell membrane

A

Controls the passage of substances like glucose and mineral ions in the cell.

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13
Q

What is the role of mitochondria

A

Where aerobic respiration takes place, releasing energy for the cell. They are very small

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14
Q

What is the role of ribosomes

A

Where protein synthesis takes place making proteins for the cell

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15
Q

Features of plant cells (not included in animal cell)

A

Cell wall
Chloroplasts
Permeant vacuole

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16
Q

What is the role of the cell wall

A

It is mad of cellulose and strengthens and supports the cell

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17
Q

What is the role of chloroplasts

A

Contain chlorophyl

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18
Q

What is chlorophyl

A

Absorbs light so the plant can make food for photosynthesis

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19
Q

What is the role of a permanent vacuole

A

Filled with cell sap to keep the cell rigid to support the plant

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20
Q

What are eukaryotic cells

A

Animal cells and plant cells

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21
Q

What are prokaryotic cells

A

Single celled organisms. Their genetic material is not isn a nucleus but forms a single DNA loop as well as smaller loops called plasmids .

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22
Q

Features of bacteria cells

A

Slime capsule
Plasmids
Flagella
Genetic material

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23
Q

What is diffusion

A

Diffusion is the spreading off particles from a high conc to a low conc down a conc gradient

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24
Q

What tings effect the rate of diffusion

A

Different in conc
Temperature
Surface area

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25
What substances move in and out of cells by diffusion
Glucose Oxygen Co2
26
What is osmosis
The movement of particles from a low conc to a high conc through a partially permeable membrane
27
Why is osmosis needed in plants
To help maintain turgor in the plant cells
28
What is turgor
The pressure in the plant cell that makes it rigid
29
What is active transport
An energy requiring process that moves substances from a low conc to a high conc
30
Where does active transport get the energy it needs
From the energy released from food in respiration
31
Where is active transport used
In plant root hair cells | In your gut
32
Why do plant root hairs cells need active transport
So they can absorb mineral ions required for healthy growth from very dilute solutions in the soil
33
Why is active transport needed in your gut
It enables sugar molecules used for respiration to be absorbed from the gut (low conc) to the blood (high conc)
34
In a body cell how many chromosomes are there
23 pairs
35
What are chromosomes
threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes
36
What are genes
Chemical factors that determine traits
37
What is DNA
A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.
38
What happens in mitosis
The cells nucleus divides
39
What happens in the cell cycle
Replication of DNA (doubles all the chromosomes) Mitosis Cell divides
40
What is differentiation
The process where cells become specialised and get a specific function
41
What is a zygote
A single new cell (when the sperm meets the egg)
42
What are embryonic stem cells
The cells in the embryo that haven't been specialised yet
43
Where do adults have stem cells
Bone marrow
44
What are a group of cells called
Tissue
45
What are a group of tissues working together called
An organ | Or muscle
46
What are a group of organs working together called
An organ system
47
What does the muscular tissue do in the stomach
Churns the food and digestive juices together
48
What does the glandular tissue do in the stomach
Produces digestive juices that break down the food
49
What does the epithelial tissue do
Covers the inside and out side of an organ
50
What is glucoses chemical formula
C^6H^12O^6
51
What are carbohydrates made up of
Units of sugar
52
What are lipids
Fats and oils
53
What are lipids made of
3 fatty acids joined to a molecule of glycerol
54
What are proteins made up of
Long chain of amino acids
55
How many amino acids are there
Around 20
56
How do you test for starch
You put iodine in it and it will turn blue/black if if present
57
How do you test for sugars
Beneticts solution will turn red if sugar is present
58
How do you test for protein
Biuret reagent will turn purple if protein is present
59
How do how test for lipids
Ethanol will give a cloudy white layer if lipids are present
60
What is a catalyst
It increases the rate of chemical reactions without changing the chemical its self
61
What are enzymes
Biological catalysts
62
What is the lock and key theory
Where there is an enzyme with an active site and a substrate that fits perfectly in it When the substate fills the active site it will split into products that will then leave the active site
63
What is metabolism
The sum of all the chemical reactions in the body
64
What things can effect enzyme reaction
Temp | PH
65
Why does temp effect the enzyme
Because high temp denatures the enzyme by changing its active site
66
What temp do most human enzymes work best at
37°
67
What enzyme breaks down carbs
Carbohydrase breaks it down into simple sugars
68
What enzyme breaks down protein
Protease breaks them down into amino acids
69
What enzyme breaks down lipids
Lipase breaks it down into fatty acids and glycerol

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