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Biology Plant Exam #2 > Biology Ch. 33: Vegetative Organs of the Vascular Plant Body > Flashcards

Biology Ch. 33: Vegetative Organs of the Vascular Plant Body Flashcards

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1
Q

primary growth

A

growth that occurs due to apical meristems

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2
Q

apical meristem

A

clumps of self-perpetuating tissue at the tips of their buds, stems, and roots

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3
Q

zone of cell division

A

root apical meristem and the actively dividing cells behind it
merges into the zone of elongation
cells of apica meristem segregate into three primary meristems
-procambium
-ground meristem
-protoderm

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4
Q

zone of elongation

A

most of the increase in a root’s length comes about here as cells become longer as their vacuoles fill with water
-“hydraulic” elongation

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5
Q

zone of maturation

A

cells do not increase in length but they may differentiate further and take on specialized roles

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6
Q

taproot system

A

single main root adapted for storage
roots branch off the tap root
diameter increases as main root grows downward

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7
Q

fibrous root system

A

adapted to absorb water and nutrients from the upper layers of soil
spread out laterally from the base of the stem
hold topsoil in place and prevent erosion

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8
Q

casparian strip

A

found in root endodermal cells
impreganted with suberin
positioned like a band of packing material around the contents of a package

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9
Q

endodermis

A

thin, selectively permeable barrier that helps control the movement of water and dissolved minerals in the stele
has a casparian strip in its radial and transverse walls

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10
Q

pericycle

A

between the stele and endodermis
one or more layers of parenchyma cells that can still function as meristems
give rise to lateral roots

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11
Q

root primordium

A

rudimentary roots
arise at specific sites in the pericycle
give rise to lateral roots

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12
Q

vascular cylinder

A

also called the stele
runs vertically
pith inside, cortex outside

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13
Q

root cap

A

surrounds and protects the meristem as the root elongates through the soil
cap cells secrete a polysaccharide-rich substance that lubricates the tip and eases the root’s passage through the soil

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14
Q

root hair

A

trichomes
found in zone of maturation
found in epidermis
greatly increase the plant’s absorptive surface
slender tube with thin walls made sticky by a coating of pectin

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15
Q

prop roots

A

found in mangrove trees and corn

adventitious roots that develop from the shoot node nearest the soil surface

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16
Q

secondary tissue

A

tissues we know as wood and bark

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17
Q

secondary growth

A

woody layers of xylem and phloem
begin to grow once initial, primary plant body forms
add girth to roots and stems over two or more growing seasons

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18
Q

lateral meristem

A

produce secondary growth

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19
Q

vascular cambium

A

undifferentiated cells between the primary xylem and phloem that give rise to a cylinder of vascular cambium that encircles the xylem and pith of the stem
2 types of initials (dividing cells in a meristem)
-one produces secondary xylem and phloem
-the other produces rays

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20
Q

cork cambium

A

type of lateral meristem

produces cork, a secondary epidermis that is a major ingredient in bark

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21
Q

periderm

A

consists of cork, cork cambium, and secondary cortex
contain lenticels
-permit exchanges of oxygen and CO2 between the living tissues and outside air

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22
Q

bark

A

tissues sandwiched between the vascular cambium and the stem surface
-includes the secondary phloem and periderm
add girth to roots and stems over two or more growing seasons

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23
Q

“normal” functions of a root

A

anchoring into the substrate
absorbs water and dissolved minerals from soil
stores carbohydrates
provides structural support for a plant’s upright parts

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24
Q

how are storage roots modified?

A

larger, thicker

-single main root in a taproot system

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25
Q

how is a velamen root modified?

A

spongy, multiple epidermis that covers some roots, such as that of the orchid
helps absorb nutrients
protects roots

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26
Q

how are prop roots modified?

A

adventitious roots
help brace the plant
supply water and minerals when the radicle (embryonic root) dies

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27
Q

how is a pneumatophore modified?

A

specialized aerial roots that enable plants to breathe air in habitats that have waterlogged soil

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28
Q

be able to sketch a c.s. of a dicot root and a l.s. of a root tip

A

SKETCH

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29
Q

where do branch roots arise?

A

from the pericycle, which is between the stele and endodermis

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30
Q

shoot

A

the main stem or leaves

includes flowers in angiosperms

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31
Q

apical dominance

A

terminal buds release a hormone that inhibits the growth of nearby lateral buds

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32
Q

bud primordia

A

NO IDEA

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33
Q

leaf primordia

A

group of cells that will form into new flowers

34
Q

bud, bud scale

A

bud scale

  • modified. nonphotosynthetic leaves that form around the apical meristem and insulate it from the elements
  • most cell metabolic activity shuts down and the leaf bud becomes dormant when this happens
  • covers the terminal bud and embryonic leaves of a plant during winter
35
Q

terminal bud

A

occurs at the apex of each stem

release a hormone that inhibits the growth of nearby lateral buds (apical dominance)

36
Q

node

A

where one or more leaves attach to a stem (axillary bud attachment)
between stem and offshoot
-meristematic tissue is located there

37
Q

internode

A

area between two nodes

internode cells below the apical meristem divide and elongate to grow

38
Q

axil

A

upper angle between the stem and an attached leaf

39
Q

pith

A

ground tissue (parenchyma) that is inside the stele

40
Q

cortex

A

ground tissue that is outside the stele

41
Q

vascular bundle

A

multistranded cords of primary xylem and phloem
wrapped or capped by sclerenchyma
thread lengthwise through the parenchyma, forming a stele

42
Q

herbaceous

A

plants that show little or no significant woody tissue
term given to angiosperms
mature and reproduce quickly, with a relatively small investment of energy and other resources

43
Q

lenticel

A 
tubular openings that develop in periderm
function lke snorkels, permitting exchanges of oxygen and CO2 between the living tissues and the outside air
44
Q

leaf scar

A

found in ginkgophyta
called a spur shoot
left when an axillary bud begins to grow and produces leaves that don’t get very big and die in the winter

45
Q

what are the “normal” functions of a stem?

A

make leaves
orient leaves
support leaves
transport

provide mechanical support for body parts involved in growth, photosynthesis, and reproduction
house the vascular tissues
often are modified to store water and food
have specific stem regions that contain meristematic tissue, which gives rise to new cells of the shoot

46
Q

what are the “normal” function of a leaf?

A 
photosynyhesis
get C
get energy
hegulate water loss
transport
47
Q

tendril modification

A

leaf modification

help to support the climbing plant’s stem

48
Q

tuber modification

A

stem modification

enlarged by the presence of starch-storing parenchyma cells

49
Q

cladophyll

A

petioles become flattened and widened and the true leaves become reduced or vanish altogether
can be thick, allowing the plant to survive harsh conditions

50
Q

rhizome

A

long underground stem that extend into the soil and rapidly produce new shoots when existing ones are pulled out

51
Q

runner (stolon)

A

stem modification
slender stems which grow along soil surface
used for reproduction
strawberries

52
Q

corm

A

stem modification

starch-storage adaptation

53
Q

thorn

A

leaf adaptation

used for protection

54
Q

bulb

A

stem modification
modified shoot that consists of a bud with fleshy leaves
starch storage

55
Q

blade (lamina)

A

provides a large surface area for absorbing sunlight and carbon dioxide

56
Q

petiole

A

where the blade narrows

attaches the leaf to a stem

57
Q

stipules

A

outgrowths borne on either side of the base of a petiole
part of the anatomy of a typical flowering plant
-can be inconspicuous or entirely absent

58
Q

simple leaf

A

one leaf per axillary bud

59
Q

compound

A

more than one leaf per axillary bud

60
Q

pinnate

A

leaves arranged along the main or mid-vein

61
Q

palmate

A

leaves radiating from the end of the petiole

62
Q

sessile

A

unable to move from one place to another

63
Q

sheath

A

layer of cells that protects a meristem (radicle) as it grows

64
Q

leaflet

A

in compuond leaves

name for the division of the blade

65
Q

mesophyll

A

below epidermis in leaves
ground tissue composed of loosely packed parenchyma cells that contain chloroplasts
also contains collenchyma and sclerenchyma to support the leaf blade

66
Q

palisade mesophyll

A

contain more chloroplasts and are arranged in compact columns with smaller air spaces between them
typically toward the upper leaf surface

67
Q

spongy mesophyll

A

toward underside of leaf

irregularly arranged cells with a conspicuous network of air spaces that gives it a spongy appearance

68
Q

veins

A

carry the xylem and phloem in leaves

69
Q

bundle sheath

A

layer of cells that surrounds a vascular bundle

70
Q

abscission zone

A

in deciduous trees
separation zone
formed at the base of the petiole
allows the leaf to be shed

71
Q

succulent

A

plants having parts that are more than normally thickened or fleshy
usually to retain water

72
Q

leaf modification water storage

A

succulent

-thick, fleshy leaf

73
Q

leaf modificationfood storage

A

bulb is made of leaves

74
Q

spine

A

defense against grazing by herbivores

cactus leaves

75
Q

insect traps

A

found in areas where there is a shortage of nitrogen

76
Q

hydrophyte vs. xerophyte vs. mesophyte

A

hydrophyte
-aquatic plants that have adapted to living in aquatic habitats
xerophyte
-plant that has adapted to live in an environment with little water
mesophyte
-terrestrial plants that are adapted to neither a wet or dry habitat

77
Q

leaf scar vs. bud scale scar

A

leaf scar
-mark left by a leaf after it falls off
bud scale
-produced when the modified leaves (scales) that protect the bud fall off

78
Q

alternate leaves vs. opposite leaves vs. whorled leaves

A 
alternate
-a single leaf attached at a node
opposite
-two leaves attached at a node
-whorled
-3 or more attached at a node
79
Q

shoot primordia

A

created by apical meristem

bulges that are the first developmental stages of leaves, additional shoots, and reproductive structures such as flowers

80
Q

what do tubers, rhizomes, and corms have in common?

A

meristematic tissue at nodes from which new plants can be propagated - vegetative (asexual) reproduction mode

Biology Plant Exam #2 (5 decks)

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