Biology Ch. 28: Seedless Vascular Plants Flashcards
root
anchors plant into the ground
absorbs nutrients from the substrate
shoot
mainly the stem and leaves of the plant
made possible by the ability to produce lignin
dermal tissue
serves as a skin-like protective covering for the plant body
consists of the epidermis
vascular tissue
consists of interconnecting cells that form channels that transport water and nutrients throughout the plant
organized in bundles that are dispersed through the ground tissues
types
-xylem
-phloem
ground tissue
makes up most of the primary plant body functions in metabolism, storage, and support types -parenchyma -collenchyma -sclerenchyma
primary tissue
tissues derived from apical meristems
primary growth
mainly parenchyma
root primary growth begins in the shoot’s primary embryonic root
shoot primary growth begins in the shoot’s apical meristem
leaf primary growth begins on sides of the shoot apical meristem
adventitious
root that grows in an unexpected place
found on rhizomes
occurs after embryonic root dies
meristem
three plant tissue systems of meristems
- ground tissue
- vaxcular tissue
- dermal tissue
apical meristem
dame-shaped mass of actively dividing cells that allow primary growth
divide and result in an initial and derivative cell
sieve elements
main conducting cells of phloem
tracheary elements
type of water conducting cell
evolved before vessel member
water can move from cell to cell through openings called pits
seeps laterally because pits oppose each other in adjacent walls
vessel members
type of conducting cell
found in most lineages of angiosperms
joined from end to end in tubelike multicellular columns called vessels
have pits through which water can move from cell to cell
stele
vascular bundles that thread lengthwise through the parenchyma
runs vertically
ground tissue outside it forms a cortex
tissue inside it is called pith
protostele
cylindrical strand of xylem surrounded by a region of phloem
siphonostele
vascular strand comprises a cylinder surrounding the pith
eustele
type of primary shoot stem
vascular cylinder is divided into distinct bundles
dermal (outside) tissue
filler (cortex) tissue
have bundles of xylem (towards the middle) and phloem (towards the outside)
microphyll
found in lycophyta (club mosses)
small “spines” on the branches
1 vein - no branch
may have evolved as flaplike outgrowths of the plant’s main vertical stem
megaphyll
found in ferns and seed plants
broad leaves with multiple veins
arose from modified branches
enation
scaly leaflike structures
different from leaves in their lack of vascular structure
frond
aboveground clump of fern leaves
contain multiple strands of vascular tissue
large, macrophyll-type leaves
has a well-developed epidermis with chloroplasts in the epidermal cells and stomata on the lower surface
fiddleheads
pinnae
divisions of a compound frond
similar to leaflets of a compound leaf
circinate vernation
manner in which a fern frond emerges
as the fern frond is formed it is tightly curled so that the growing tip of the frond is protected within a coil
called a fiddlehead
petiole
where the blade narrows and attaches the leaf to a stem
stalk-like attachment to the stem
blade
thin, flattened, external part of the leaf
provides a large surface area for absorbing sunlight and carbon dioxide
simple leaf
one leaf
compound leaf
leaf is divided into parts
- pinnately compound
- palmately compound
pinnately compound
leaves are compound and arranged along the main or mid-vein
palmately compound
all leaves come from base
-clover
venation
the structure of the veins within the leaves
vascular bundle
form a lacy network of veins throughout the leaf
the stele is a vascular bundle
sporophyll
small, green microphyll-type leaves near the tips of stems
contain a single sporangium tucked at the base of each one
cluster of sporophylls forms a strobilus
microsporophyll
leaf modified to have a microsporangia on it
megasporophyll
leaf modified to have a megasporangia on it
homosporous
spores are similar
heterosporous
have microspores and megaspores
gametophyte develops inside of the spore
microspore
will turn into pollen grains
-male gametophyte
undergo meiosis to develop in a winged pollen grain - immature male gametophyte
megaspore
female gametophyte
4 are produced from megasporocyte
microsporangium
pollen sacs on the abaxial side of the cone
found in microsporophyll
megasporangia
contains one surviving megaspore
integuments protect it
strobilus
formed by a cluster of sporophylls
forms a cone in the conifers
elaters
hygroscopic structures that function to release spores when they dry out
sori
phylum pterophyta
location where several sporangia are clustered
rust-colored
indusium
outgrowths of the epidermis that protect the sori
prothallus
small, simple green gametophyte in ferns (and mosses)
produces both antheridia and archegonia but at different times
gametangia are on the underside of the prothallus
annulus
ferns
row of thick-walled cells in the layer of epidermal cells that encircle the sporangium
contracts as sporangium dries out and rips open the sporangium
lip cells
one of the narrow thin-walled cells of the sporangia in some ferns that mark the point where the annulus breaks open
pith
tissue inside of the stele
mainly parenchyma
cortex
ground tissue outside the stele
mainly parenchyma
ground meristem gives rise to it
gives rise to the exodermis
whorl
horsetail
scalelike leaves arranged around a photosynthetic stem
rhizome
long underground stems that rapidly produce new shoots when existing ones are pulled out
have meristematic tissue at nodes from which new plants can be propagated - vegetative (asexual) reproductive mode
most of stem ferns are rhizomes
lycophyta distinguishing characteristics
adventitious roots can have rhizomes, surface, or erect stems microphyll -no branching sporophylls -special leaves that have sporangia on upper side -on stem or in cone -homosporous and hetersporous gametophytes -independent archegonium and antheridium -on adaxial surface -bisexual
ferns (pteridophyta) distinguishing characteristics
rhizome w/ adventitious roots abaxial sporangium hygroscopic mechanism -annulus euphyllous leaves (larger) -fronds 1+ veins that branch sporophylls -modified leaves bearing sporangia rhizome (sporophyte) adventitious roots abaxial sori-groups of sporangia indusia -false, thus naked prothallus (sm. green gametophyte) produces anther. and arch. at diff. times gametangia are underneath prothallus
horsetails (equisetophyta) distinguishing characteristics
ribbed stems due to silica in epidermal cells
adventitious roots on rhizome
fused leaves around node
terminal strobili
homosporous
gametophytes - small, green, and grow on soil surface
-can be bisexual
whisk ferns (psilotophyta) distinguishing characteristics
homosporous
no roots
protostele of tracheids (no vessels) and sieve cells (no tubes)
dichotomous branching (in sporophyte and gametophyte)
no leaves
gametophyte nutritionally dependent on mycorrhizal fungus that grows within tissues
sporophyte has no roots
rhizome and rhizoids
“leaves” - not ture
leaves - enations
sporangia grouped into clumps of 3
phylum pterophyta distinguishing characteristics
strong, upright stems attached to a system of rhizomes fronds rhizoids sexual reproduction done through spores lignified xylem and phloem vessels
venation vs. vernation
venation
-how the veins spread through the leaf
vernation
-arrangement of new leaves in a bud
egg vs. megaspore
egg
-in gametophyte generation
megaspore
-will turn into a female gametophyte
rhizoid vs. rhizome
rhizoid -pseudo-roots -only an anchor, no mineral retrieving rhizome -underground stems that rapidly produce new shoots when existing ones are pulled out
how are seedless vascular plants better adapted to life on land than the bryophytes
have vascular tissue which can carry water, minerals, and food throughout the plant
sporophyte and gametophyte are nutritionally dependent of each other
true roots
how are elaters of horsetails like elaters of liverworts
how are they different
similar -they help release spores -hygroscopic different -stay attached in horsetails -horsetails --from an outer spiral layer of the spore wall -liverworts --develop in the sporophyte alongside the spores
how does a homosporous plant produce antheridia and archegonia
they produce them on the same plant but there is usually a way to keep them from mating
what is a whisk fern (psilotophyta) gametophyte dependent on
mycorrhizal fungi
