Biology Ch. 28: Seedless Vascular Plants

Question 1

root

Answer 1

anchors plant into the ground

absorbs nutrients from the substrate

Question 2

shoot

Answer 2

mainly the stem and leaves of the plant

made possible by the ability to produce lignin

Question 3

dermal tissue

Answer 3

serves as a skin-like protective covering for the plant body

consists of the epidermis

Question 4

vascular tissue

Answer 4

consists of interconnecting cells that form channels that transport water and nutrients throughout the plant
organized in bundles that are dispersed through the ground tissues
types
-xylem
-phloem

Question 5

ground tissue

Answer 5

makes up most of the primary plant body
functions in metabolism, storage, and support
types
-parenchyma
-collenchyma
-sclerenchyma

Question 6

primary tissue

Answer 6

tissues derived from apical meristems

Question 7

primary growth

Answer 7

mainly parenchyma
root primary growth begins in the shoot’s primary embryonic root
shoot primary growth begins in the shoot’s apical meristem
leaf primary growth begins on sides of the shoot apical meristem

Question 8

adventitious

Answer 8

root that grows in an unexpected place
found on rhizomes
occurs after embryonic root dies

Question 9

meristem

Answer 9

three plant tissue systems of meristems

• ground tissue
• vaxcular tissue
• dermal tissue

Question 10

apical meristem

Answer 10

dame-shaped mass of actively dividing cells that allow primary growth
divide and result in an initial and derivative cell

Question 11

sieve elements

Answer 11

main conducting cells of phloem

Question 12

tracheary elements

Answer 12

type of water conducting cell
evolved before vessel member
water can move from cell to cell through openings called pits
seeps laterally because pits oppose each other in adjacent walls

Question 13

vessel members

Answer 13

type of conducting cell
found in most lineages of angiosperms
joined from end to end in tubelike multicellular columns called vessels
have pits through which water can move from cell to cell

Question 14

stele

Answer 14

vascular bundles that thread lengthwise through the parenchyma
runs vertically
ground tissue outside it forms a cortex
tissue inside it is called pith

Question 15

protostele

Answer 15

cylindrical strand of xylem surrounded by a region of phloem

Question 16

siphonostele

Answer 16

vascular strand comprises a cylinder surrounding the pith

Question 17

eustele

Answer 17

type of primary shoot stem
vascular cylinder is divided into distinct bundles
dermal (outside) tissue
filler (cortex) tissue
have bundles of xylem (towards the middle) and phloem (towards the outside)

Question 18

microphyll

Answer 18

found in lycophyta (club mosses)
small “spines” on the branches
1 vein - no branch
may have evolved as flaplike outgrowths of the plant’s main vertical stem

Question 19

megaphyll

Answer 19

found in ferns and seed plants
broad leaves with multiple veins
arose from modified branches

Question 20

enation

Answer 20

scaly leaflike structures

different from leaves in their lack of vascular structure

Question 21

frond

Answer 21

aboveground clump of fern leaves
contain multiple strands of vascular tissue
large, macrophyll-type leaves
has a well-developed epidermis with chloroplasts in the epidermal cells and stomata on the lower surface
fiddleheads

Question 22

pinnae

Answer 22

divisions of a compound frond

similar to leaflets of a compound leaf

Question 23

circinate vernation

Answer 23

manner in which a fern frond emerges
as the fern frond is formed it is tightly curled so that the growing tip of the frond is protected within a coil
called a fiddlehead

Question 24

petiole

Answer 24

where the blade narrows and attaches the leaf to a stem

stalk-like attachment to the stem

Question 25

blade

Answer 25

thin, flattened, external part of the leaf | provides a large surface area for absorbing sunlight and carbon dioxide

Question 26

simple leaf

Answer 26

one leaf

Question 27

compound leaf

Answer 27

leaf is divided into parts - pinnately compound - palmately compound

Question 28

pinnately compound

Answer 28

leaves are compound and arranged along the main or mid-vein

Question 29

palmately compound

Answer 29

all leaves come from base | -clover

Question 30

venation

Answer 30

the structure of the veins within the leaves

Question 31

vascular bundle

Answer 31

form a lacy network of veins throughout the leaf | the stele is a vascular bundle

Question 32

sporophyll

Answer 32

small, green microphyll-type leaves near the tips of stems contain a single sporangium tucked at the base of each one cluster of sporophylls forms a strobilus

Question 33

microsporophyll

Answer 33

leaf modified to have a microsporangia on it

Question 34

megasporophyll

Answer 34

leaf modified to have a megasporangia on it

Question 35

homosporous

Answer 35

spores are similar

Question 36

heterosporous

Answer 36

have microspores and megaspores | gametophyte develops inside of the spore

Question 37

microspore

Answer 37

will turn into pollen grains -male gametophyte undergo meiosis to develop in a winged pollen grain - immature male gametophyte

Question 38

megaspore

Answer 38

female gametophyte | 4 are produced from megasporocyte

Question 39

microsporangium

Answer 39

pollen sacs on the abaxial side of the cone | found in microsporophyll

Question 40

megasporangia

Answer 40

contains one surviving megaspore | integuments protect it

Question 41

strobilus

Answer 41

formed by a cluster of sporophylls | forms a cone in the conifers

Question 42

elaters

Answer 42

hygroscopic structures that function to release spores when they dry out

Question 43

sori

Answer 43

phylum pterophyta location where several sporangia are clustered rust-colored

Question 44

indusium

Answer 44

outgrowths of the epidermis that protect the sori

Question 45

prothallus

Answer 45

small, simple green gametophyte in ferns (and mosses) produces both antheridia and archegonia but at different times gametangia are on the underside of the prothallus

Question 46

annulus

Answer 46

ferns row of thick-walled cells in the layer of epidermal cells that encircle the sporangium contracts as sporangium dries out and rips open the sporangium

Question 47

lip cells

Answer 47

one of the narrow thin-walled cells of the sporangia in some ferns that mark the point where the annulus breaks open

Question 48

pith

Answer 48

tissue inside of the stele | mainly parenchyma

Question 49

cortex

Answer 49

ground tissue outside the stele mainly parenchyma ground meristem gives rise to it gives rise to the exodermis

Question 50

whorl

Answer 50

horsetail | scalelike leaves arranged around a photosynthetic stem

Question 51

rhizome

Answer 51

long underground stems that rapidly produce new shoots when existing ones are pulled out have meristematic tissue at nodes from which new plants can be propagated - vegetative (asexual) reproductive mode most of stem ferns are rhizomes

Question 52

lycophyta distinguishing characteristics

Answer 52

``` adventitious roots can have rhizomes, surface, or erect stems microphyll -no branching sporophylls -special leaves that have sporangia on upper side -on stem or in cone -homosporous and hetersporous gametophytes -independent archegonium and antheridium -on adaxial surface -bisexual ```

Question 53

ferns (pteridophyta) distinguishing characteristics

Answer 53

``` rhizome w/ adventitious roots abaxial sporangium hygroscopic mechanism -annulus euphyllous leaves (larger) -fronds 1+ veins that branch sporophylls -modified leaves bearing sporangia rhizome (sporophyte) adventitious roots abaxial sori-groups of sporangia indusia -false, thus naked prothallus (sm. green gametophyte) produces anther. and arch. at diff. times gametangia are underneath prothallus ```

Question 54

horsetails (equisetophyta) distinguishing characteristics

Answer 54

ribbed stems due to silica in epidermal cells adventitious roots on rhizome fused leaves around node terminal strobili homosporous gametophytes - small, green, and grow on soil surface -can be bisexual

Question 55

whisk ferns (psilotophyta) distinguishing characteristics

Answer 55

homosporous no roots protostele of tracheids (no vessels) and sieve cells (no tubes) dichotomous branching (in sporophyte and gametophyte) no leaves gametophyte nutritionally dependent on mycorrhizal fungus that grows within tissues sporophyte has no roots rhizome and rhizoids "leaves" - not ture leaves - enations sporangia grouped into clumps of 3

Question 56

phylum pterophyta distinguishing characteristics

Answer 56

``` strong, upright stems attached to a system of rhizomes fronds rhizoids sexual reproduction done through spores lignified xylem and phloem vessels ```

Question 57

venation vs. vernation

Answer 57

venation -how the veins spread through the leaf vernation -arrangement of new leaves in a bud

Question 58

egg vs. megaspore

Answer 58

egg -in gametophyte generation megaspore -will turn into a female gametophyte

Question 59

rhizoid vs. rhizome

Answer 59

``` rhizoid -pseudo-roots -only an anchor, no mineral retrieving rhizome -underground stems that rapidly produce new shoots when existing ones are pulled out ```

Question 60

how are seedless vascular plants better adapted to life on land than the bryophytes

Answer 60

have vascular tissue which can carry water, minerals, and food throughout the plant sporophyte and gametophyte are nutritionally dependent of each other true roots

Question 61

how are elaters of horsetails like elaters of liverworts | how are they different

Answer 61

``` similar -they help release spores -hygroscopic different -stay attached in horsetails -horsetails --from an outer spiral layer of the spore wall -liverworts --develop in the sporophyte alongside the spores ```

Question 62

how does a homosporous plant produce antheridia and archegonia

Answer 62

they produce them on the same plant but there is usually a way to keep them from mating

Question 63

what is a whisk fern (psilotophyta) gametophyte dependent on

Answer 63

mycorrhizal fungi