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Biology Plant Exam #2 > Biology Ch. 28: Seedless Vascular Plants > Flashcards

Biology Ch. 28: Seedless Vascular Plants Flashcards

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1
Q

root

A

anchors plant into the ground

absorbs nutrients from the substrate

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2
Q

shoot

A

mainly the stem and leaves of the plant

made possible by the ability to produce lignin

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3
Q

dermal tissue

A

serves as a skin-like protective covering for the plant body

consists of the epidermis

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4
Q

vascular tissue

A

consists of interconnecting cells that form channels that transport water and nutrients throughout the plant
organized in bundles that are dispersed through the ground tissues
types
-xylem
-phloem

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5
Q

ground tissue

A 
makes up most of the primary plant body
functions in metabolism, storage, and support
types
-parenchyma
-collenchyma
-sclerenchyma
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6
Q

primary tissue

A

tissues derived from apical meristems

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7
Q

primary growth

A

mainly parenchyma
root primary growth begins in the shoot’s primary embryonic root
shoot primary growth begins in the shoot’s apical meristem
leaf primary growth begins on sides of the shoot apical meristem

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8
Q

adventitious

A

root that grows in an unexpected place
found on rhizomes
occurs after embryonic root dies

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9
Q

meristem

A

three plant tissue systems of meristems

  • ground tissue
  • vaxcular tissue
  • dermal tissue
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10
Q

apical meristem

A

dame-shaped mass of actively dividing cells that allow primary growth
divide and result in an initial and derivative cell

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11
Q

sieve elements

A

main conducting cells of phloem

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12
Q

tracheary elements

A

type of water conducting cell
evolved before vessel member
water can move from cell to cell through openings called pits
seeps laterally because pits oppose each other in adjacent walls

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13
Q

vessel members

A

type of conducting cell
found in most lineages of angiosperms
joined from end to end in tubelike multicellular columns called vessels
have pits through which water can move from cell to cell

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14
Q

stele

A

vascular bundles that thread lengthwise through the parenchyma
runs vertically
ground tissue outside it forms a cortex
tissue inside it is called pith

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15
Q

protostele

A

cylindrical strand of xylem surrounded by a region of phloem

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16
Q

siphonostele

A

vascular strand comprises a cylinder surrounding the pith

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17
Q

eustele

A

type of primary shoot stem
vascular cylinder is divided into distinct bundles
dermal (outside) tissue
filler (cortex) tissue
have bundles of xylem (towards the middle) and phloem (towards the outside)

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18
Q

microphyll

A

found in lycophyta (club mosses)
small “spines” on the branches
1 vein - no branch
may have evolved as flaplike outgrowths of the plant’s main vertical stem

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19
Q

megaphyll

A

found in ferns and seed plants
broad leaves with multiple veins
arose from modified branches

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20
Q

enation

A

scaly leaflike structures

different from leaves in their lack of vascular structure

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21
Q

frond

A

aboveground clump of fern leaves
contain multiple strands of vascular tissue
large, macrophyll-type leaves
has a well-developed epidermis with chloroplasts in the epidermal cells and stomata on the lower surface
fiddleheads

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22
Q

pinnae

A

divisions of a compound frond

similar to leaflets of a compound leaf

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23
Q

circinate vernation

A

manner in which a fern frond emerges
as the fern frond is formed it is tightly curled so that the growing tip of the frond is protected within a coil
called a fiddlehead

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24
Q

petiole

A

where the blade narrows and attaches the leaf to a stem

stalk-like attachment to the stem

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25
Q

blade

A

thin, flattened, external part of the leaf

provides a large surface area for absorbing sunlight and carbon dioxide

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26
Q

simple leaf

A

one leaf

27
Q

compound leaf

A

leaf is divided into parts

  • pinnately compound
  • palmately compound
28
Q

pinnately compound

A

leaves are compound and arranged along the main or mid-vein

29
Q

palmately compound

A

all leaves come from base

-clover

30
Q

venation

A

the structure of the veins within the leaves

31
Q

vascular bundle

A

form a lacy network of veins throughout the leaf

the stele is a vascular bundle

32
Q

sporophyll

A

small, green microphyll-type leaves near the tips of stems
contain a single sporangium tucked at the base of each one
cluster of sporophylls forms a strobilus

33
Q

microsporophyll

A

leaf modified to have a microsporangia on it

34
Q

megasporophyll

A

leaf modified to have a megasporangia on it

35
Q

homosporous

A

spores are similar

36
Q

heterosporous

A

have microspores and megaspores

gametophyte develops inside of the spore

37
Q

microspore

A

will turn into pollen grains
-male gametophyte
undergo meiosis to develop in a winged pollen grain - immature male gametophyte

38
Q

megaspore

A

female gametophyte

4 are produced from megasporocyte

39
Q

microsporangium

A

pollen sacs on the abaxial side of the cone

found in microsporophyll

40
Q

megasporangia

A

contains one surviving megaspore

integuments protect it

41
Q

strobilus

A

formed by a cluster of sporophylls

forms a cone in the conifers

42
Q

elaters

A

hygroscopic structures that function to release spores when they dry out

43
Q

sori

A

phylum pterophyta
location where several sporangia are clustered
rust-colored

44
Q

indusium

A

outgrowths of the epidermis that protect the sori

45
Q

prothallus

A

small, simple green gametophyte in ferns (and mosses)
produces both antheridia and archegonia but at different times
gametangia are on the underside of the prothallus

46
Q

annulus

A

ferns
row of thick-walled cells in the layer of epidermal cells that encircle the sporangium
contracts as sporangium dries out and rips open the sporangium

47
Q

lip cells

A

one of the narrow thin-walled cells of the sporangia in some ferns that mark the point where the annulus breaks open

48
Q

pith

A

tissue inside of the stele

mainly parenchyma

49
Q

cortex

A

ground tissue outside the stele
mainly parenchyma
ground meristem gives rise to it
gives rise to the exodermis

50
Q

whorl

A

horsetail

scalelike leaves arranged around a photosynthetic stem

51
Q

rhizome

A

long underground stems that rapidly produce new shoots when existing ones are pulled out
have meristematic tissue at nodes from which new plants can be propagated - vegetative (asexual) reproductive mode
most of stem ferns are rhizomes

52
Q

lycophyta distinguishing characteristics

A 
adventitious roots
can have rhizomes, surface, or erect stems
microphyll
-no branching
sporophylls
-special leaves that have sporangia on upper side
-on stem or in cone
-homosporous and hetersporous
gametophytes
-independent archegonium and antheridium
-on adaxial surface
-bisexual
53
Q

ferns (pteridophyta) distinguishing characteristics

A 
rhizome w/ adventitious roots
abaxial sporangium
hygroscopic mechanism
-annulus
euphyllous leaves (larger)
-fronds
1+ veins that branch
sporophylls
-modified leaves bearing sporangia
rhizome (sporophyte)
adventitious roots
abaxial sori-groups of sporangia
indusia
-false, thus naked
prothallus (sm. green gametophyte) produces anther. and arch. at diff. times
gametangia are underneath prothallus
54
Q

horsetails (equisetophyta) distinguishing characteristics

A

ribbed stems due to silica in epidermal cells
adventitious roots on rhizome
fused leaves around node
terminal strobili
homosporous
gametophytes - small, green, and grow on soil surface
-can be bisexual

55
Q

whisk ferns (psilotophyta) distinguishing characteristics

A

homosporous
no roots
protostele of tracheids (no vessels) and sieve cells (no tubes)
dichotomous branching (in sporophyte and gametophyte)
no leaves
gametophyte nutritionally dependent on mycorrhizal fungus that grows within tissues
sporophyte has no roots
rhizome and rhizoids
“leaves” - not ture
leaves - enations
sporangia grouped into clumps of 3

56
Q

phylum pterophyta distinguishing characteristics

A 
strong, upright stems attached to a system of rhizomes
fronds
rhizoids
sexual reproduction done through spores
lignified xylem and phloem vessels
57
Q

venation vs. vernation

A

venation
-how the veins spread through the leaf
vernation
-arrangement of new leaves in a bud

58
Q

egg vs. megaspore

A

egg
-in gametophyte generation
megaspore
-will turn into a female gametophyte

59
Q

rhizoid vs. rhizome

A 
rhizoid
-pseudo-roots
-only an anchor, no mineral retrieving
rhizome
-underground stems that rapidly produce new shoots when existing ones are pulled out
60
Q

how are seedless vascular plants better adapted to life on land than the bryophytes

A

have vascular tissue which can carry water, minerals, and food throughout the plant
sporophyte and gametophyte are nutritionally dependent of each other
true roots

61
Q

how are elaters of horsetails like elaters of liverworts

how are they different

A 
similar
-they help release spores
-hygroscopic
different
-stay attached in horsetails
-horsetails
--from an outer spiral layer of the spore wall
-liverworts
--develop in the sporophyte alongside the spores
62
Q

how does a homosporous plant produce antheridia and archegonia

A

they produce them on the same plant but there is usually a way to keep them from mating

63
Q

what is a whisk fern (psilotophyta) gametophyte dependent on

A

mycorrhizal fungi

Biology Plant Exam #2 (5 decks)

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