Biology Ch. 29, 36: Angiosperms Flashcards
pollen grain vs. pollen tube
pollen grain turns into a pollen tube when it comes in contact with the stigma
egg vs. ovule
an ovule is the structure in which the egg develops
ovule vs. ovary
the ovule is enclosed within the ovary
pollination vs. fertilization
pollination
-transfer of pollen to female reproductive parts
-begins when pollen grains make contact with the stigma of a flower
fertilization
-fusion of the sperm with the egg to form a diploid zygote
-happens months to years after pollination
fruit vs. seed
fruit
-ovary
-surrounds angiosperm embryo and aids seed dispersal
seed
-structure that forms when the ovule matures after a pollen grain reaches it and a sperm fertilizes the egge
cone vs. fruit
cone
-strobilus upon which gametangia are formed in naked seed plants
fruit
-surrounds the embryo as it grows
endosperm vs. embryo
the embryo feeds on the endosperm while it is in the seed
complete vs. incomplete flowers
complete
-contain all 4 whorls
incomplete
-lack one or more of the whorls
perfect vs. imperfect flowers
perfect
-contain both kinds of sexual parts (carpals (pistils) and stamens
imperfect
-only have stamens or carpals
simple vs. aggregate vs. multiple fruits
simple
-develop from a single avary
aggregate
-formed from several ovaries in a single flower
-contain multiple anthers
multiple
-develop from several ovaries in multiple flowers
inferior vs. superior ovaries
inferior
-overies are below the sepals, petals, and stems
superior
-ovaries is above the sepals, petals, and stamens
what advantages do the Anthophyta have for life in terrestrial habitats, compared to the gymnosperms
developmental plasticity
-capacity to undergo and survive genetic changes that created new options for growth
more efficient transport of water and nutrients
-vessel elements
enhanced nutrition and physical protection for embryos
-double fertilization
coevolution with animal pollinators
different mechanisms for dispersing pollen and seeds
angiosperm
flowering plants
have an enclosed seed that is surrounded by a carpel
receptacle
end of the floral shoot that the flower develops from
cells in the receptacle differentiate to produce four types of concentric tissue regions called whorls
sepals
collectively called
whorl that protects the inner parts of the flower
leaflike
collectively called the calyx
monocot
embryos have a single seed leaf (cotyledon)
pollen grains have a single groove
three floral parts
parallel leaf veins
vascular bundles distributed through ground tissue
fibrous root system
perianth
collective term for calyx and corolla
regardless of whether they are distinct or not
dicot
two cotyledons four or five floral parts leaf veins usually in a netlike array three pores or furrows in pollen grains vascular bundles organized as a ring in ground tissue taproot root system
stamen
produce the pollen
slender filament capped by a bilobed anther
petals
collectively
whorl that attracts pollinators
-“showy” part of the flowers with distinctive colors, patterning, and shapes
collectively called the corolla
flower
specialized branch with reduced internodes and parts modified for specific functions
filament
long slender part of the stamen
anther
top of the stamen
contains four pollen sacs, in which pollen develop
pistil
produce the flowers and seeds
one or more carpels, in which female gametophytes form
lower part of carpel is the ovary with ovules inside
carpel widens into a slender style
terminates in a stigma
carpel
make up the pistil modified leaf (megasporophyll) which has become folded at the midrib with its margins fusing together
inflorescence
a group of flowers from the same floral shoot
integuments
layer of tissue that surrounds the megaspores in the progymnosperm
foundation for a ovule that would develop into the gymnosperm seed
develops into the seed coat
micropyle
area between integuments that the pollen tube enters through
ovule
immature seed
essentially a megasporangium
contains a mother cell surrounded by a sterile jacket and the integument surrounding the sterile jacket (except for micropyle)
tapetum
found in stamen
lines the microsporangium
layer of outer cells that nourishes developing spores
tube nucleus
one of the two nuclei formed by mitotic division of a microspore during the formation of a pollen grain
held to control subsequent growth of the pollen tube
does not divide again
generative cell
in pollen tube
divides to form two sperm cells
polar nuclei
two nuclei in the middle of the egg
sperm fuses with them to become triploid tissue - endosperm
antipodals
three cells opposite the micropyle
disintegrate when egg is fertilized
egg, synergids
synergids are the two cells in the ovule that assist with fertilization
one deteriorates to allow the sperm in through its cytoplasm
embryo sac
contains the seven cells and eight nuclei
will develop into the embryo
double fertilization
one of the sperm fertilizes the egg
the other fertilized the two nuclei in the middle of the embryo sac and becomes the endosperm
primary endosperm nucleus
triploid
nucleus that is the result of the fusion of a sperm with the polar nuclei
also called the secondary nucleus
zygote
results from the fusion of a pollen sperm with the egg
first round of mitosis divides the zygote into an upper apical cell and lower basal cell
apical
-leads to multicellular embryo
basal
-leads to the suspensor, which transfers nutrients from the parent plant to the embryo
endosperm
nourished embryonic sporophyte
nourishes the embryo and, in monocots, the seedling, until its leaves form and photosynthesis begins
embryo
results from the apical cells of the zygote
has a radicle, embryonic root, cotyledon(s), and embryonic stem
suspensor
forms from the basal cells of the zygote
transfers nutrients from the parent plant to the embryo
cotyledon
seed leaf of the embryo
will provide nutrients form growing tissues in a germinating seedling
absorb much of the nutrient-storing endosperm and become plump and fleshy
in some dicots the cotyledons remain as slender structure that produce enzymes that digest the seed’s endosperm and transfer the liberated nutrients to the seedling
pericarp
fruit wall
develops from the ovary wall and can have several layers
can be used in defining fruit classification (fleshy vs. dry)
parthenocarpic fruit
production of fruit without fertilization of ovules
fruit is therefore seedless
what features are characteristic of flowers pollinated by wind
stamen stick out away from plant
pollen is very light
what features are characteristic of flowers pollinated by bees
sweet odors
parts that appear to humans as yellow, blue, or purple
produced by pigments that absorb ultraviolet light, colors form “nectar guides” that attract bees
what features are characteristic of flowers pollinated by moths
intensely sweet-smelling flowers with white or pale petals that are more visible than colored petals in the dark
narrow flower tubes for moth mouthparts
what features are characteristic of flowers pollinated by butterflies
narrow flower tubes for butterfly mouthparts
sweet odors
what features are characteristic of flowers pollinated by hummingbirds
red and yellow flowers attract birds
