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Biology Plant Exam #2 > Biology Ch. 29, 36: Angiosperms > Flashcards

Biology Ch. 29, 36: Angiosperms Flashcards

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1
Q

pollen grain vs. pollen tube

A

pollen grain turns into a pollen tube when it comes in contact with the stigma

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2
Q

egg vs. ovule

A

an ovule is the structure in which the egg develops

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3
Q

ovule vs. ovary

A

the ovule is enclosed within the ovary

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4
Q

pollination vs. fertilization

A

pollination
-transfer of pollen to female reproductive parts
-begins when pollen grains make contact with the stigma of a flower
fertilization
-fusion of the sperm with the egg to form a diploid zygote
-happens months to years after pollination

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5
Q

fruit vs. seed

A

fruit
-ovary
-surrounds angiosperm embryo and aids seed dispersal
seed
-structure that forms when the ovule matures after a pollen grain reaches it and a sperm fertilizes the egge

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6
Q

cone vs. fruit

A

cone
-strobilus upon which gametangia are formed in naked seed plants
fruit
-surrounds the embryo as it grows

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7
Q

endosperm vs. embryo

A

the embryo feeds on the endosperm while it is in the seed

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8
Q

complete vs. incomplete flowers

A

complete
-contain all 4 whorls
incomplete
-lack one or more of the whorls

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9
Q

perfect vs. imperfect flowers

A

perfect
-contain both kinds of sexual parts (carpals (pistils) and stamens
imperfect
-only have stamens or carpals

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10
Q

simple vs. aggregate vs. multiple fruits

A

simple
-develop from a single avary
aggregate
-formed from several ovaries in a single flower
-contain multiple anthers
multiple
-develop from several ovaries in multiple flowers

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11
Q

inferior vs. superior ovaries

A

inferior
-overies are below the sepals, petals, and stems
superior
-ovaries is above the sepals, petals, and stamens

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12
Q

what advantages do the Anthophyta have for life in terrestrial habitats, compared to the gymnosperms

A

developmental plasticity
-capacity to undergo and survive genetic changes that created new options for growth
more efficient transport of water and nutrients
-vessel elements
enhanced nutrition and physical protection for embryos
-double fertilization
coevolution with animal pollinators
different mechanisms for dispersing pollen and seeds

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13
Q

angiosperm

A

flowering plants

have an enclosed seed that is surrounded by a carpel

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14
Q

receptacle

A

end of the floral shoot that the flower develops from

cells in the receptacle differentiate to produce four types of concentric tissue regions called whorls

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15
Q

sepals

collectively called

A

whorl that protects the inner parts of the flower
leaflike
collectively called the calyx

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16
Q

monocot

A

embryos have a single seed leaf (cotyledon)
pollen grains have a single groove
three floral parts
parallel leaf veins
vascular bundles distributed through ground tissue
fibrous root system

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17
Q

perianth

A

collective term for calyx and corolla

regardless of whether they are distinct or not

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18
Q

dicot

A 
two cotyledons
four or five floral parts
leaf veins usually in a netlike array
three pores or furrows in pollen grains
vascular bundles organized as a ring in ground tissue
taproot root system
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19
Q

stamen

A

produce the pollen

slender filament capped by a bilobed anther

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20
Q

petals

collectively

A

whorl that attracts pollinators
-“showy” part of the flowers with distinctive colors, patterning, and shapes
collectively called the corolla

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21
Q

flower

A

specialized branch with reduced internodes and parts modified for specific functions

22
Q

filament

A

long slender part of the stamen

23
Q

anther

A

top of the stamen

contains four pollen sacs, in which pollen develop

24
Q

pistil

A

produce the flowers and seeds
one or more carpels, in which female gametophytes form
lower part of carpel is the ovary with ovules inside
carpel widens into a slender style
terminates in a stigma

25
Q

carpel

A 
make up the pistil
modified leaf (megasporophyll) which has become folded at the midrib with its margins fusing together
26
Q

inflorescence

A

a group of flowers from the same floral shoot

27
Q

integuments

A

layer of tissue that surrounds the megaspores in the progymnosperm
foundation for a ovule that would develop into the gymnosperm seed
develops into the seed coat

28
Q

micropyle

A

area between integuments that the pollen tube enters through

29
Q

ovule

A

immature seed
essentially a megasporangium
contains a mother cell surrounded by a sterile jacket and the integument surrounding the sterile jacket (except for micropyle)

30
Q

tapetum

A

found in stamen
lines the microsporangium
layer of outer cells that nourishes developing spores

31
Q

tube nucleus

A

one of the two nuclei formed by mitotic division of a microspore during the formation of a pollen grain
held to control subsequent growth of the pollen tube
does not divide again

32
Q

generative cell

A

in pollen tube

divides to form two sperm cells

33
Q

polar nuclei

A

two nuclei in the middle of the egg

sperm fuses with them to become triploid tissue - endosperm

34
Q

antipodals

A

three cells opposite the micropyle

disintegrate when egg is fertilized

35
Q

egg, synergids

A

synergids are the two cells in the ovule that assist with fertilization
one deteriorates to allow the sperm in through its cytoplasm

36
Q

embryo sac

A

contains the seven cells and eight nuclei

will develop into the embryo

37
Q

double fertilization

A

one of the sperm fertilizes the egg

the other fertilized the two nuclei in the middle of the embryo sac and becomes the endosperm

38
Q

primary endosperm nucleus

A

triploid
nucleus that is the result of the fusion of a sperm with the polar nuclei
also called the secondary nucleus

39
Q

zygote

A

results from the fusion of a pollen sperm with the egg
first round of mitosis divides the zygote into an upper apical cell and lower basal cell
apical
-leads to multicellular embryo
basal
-leads to the suspensor, which transfers nutrients from the parent plant to the embryo

40
Q

endosperm

A

nourished embryonic sporophyte

nourishes the embryo and, in monocots, the seedling, until its leaves form and photosynthesis begins

41
Q

embryo

A

results from the apical cells of the zygote

has a radicle, embryonic root, cotyledon(s), and embryonic stem

42
Q

suspensor

A

forms from the basal cells of the zygote

transfers nutrients from the parent plant to the embryo

43
Q

cotyledon

A

seed leaf of the embryo
will provide nutrients form growing tissues in a germinating seedling
absorb much of the nutrient-storing endosperm and become plump and fleshy
in some dicots the cotyledons remain as slender structure that produce enzymes that digest the seed’s endosperm and transfer the liberated nutrients to the seedling

44
Q

pericarp

A

fruit wall
develops from the ovary wall and can have several layers
can be used in defining fruit classification (fleshy vs. dry)

45
Q

parthenocarpic fruit

A

production of fruit without fertilization of ovules

fruit is therefore seedless

46
Q

what features are characteristic of flowers pollinated by wind

A

stamen stick out away from plant

pollen is very light

47
Q

what features are characteristic of flowers pollinated by bees

A

sweet odors
parts that appear to humans as yellow, blue, or purple
produced by pigments that absorb ultraviolet light, colors form “nectar guides” that attract bees

48
Q

what features are characteristic of flowers pollinated by moths

A

intensely sweet-smelling flowers with white or pale petals that are more visible than colored petals in the dark
narrow flower tubes for moth mouthparts

49
Q

what features are characteristic of flowers pollinated by butterflies

A

narrow flower tubes for butterfly mouthparts

sweet odors

50
Q

what features are characteristic of flowers pollinated by hummingbirds

A

red and yellow flowers attract birds

Biology Plant Exam #2 (5 decks)

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