Biology Ch. 29, 36: Angiosperms

Question 1

pollen grain vs. pollen tube

Answer 1

pollen grain turns into a pollen tube when it comes in contact with the stigma

Question 2

egg vs. ovule

Answer 2

an ovule is the structure in which the egg develops

Question 3

ovule vs. ovary

Answer 3

the ovule is enclosed within the ovary

Question 4

pollination vs. fertilization

Answer 4

pollination
-transfer of pollen to female reproductive parts
-begins when pollen grains make contact with the stigma of a flower
fertilization
-fusion of the sperm with the egg to form a diploid zygote
-happens months to years after pollination

Question 5

fruit vs. seed

Answer 5

fruit
-ovary
-surrounds angiosperm embryo and aids seed dispersal
seed
-structure that forms when the ovule matures after a pollen grain reaches it and a sperm fertilizes the egge

Question 6

cone vs. fruit

Answer 6

cone
-strobilus upon which gametangia are formed in naked seed plants
fruit
-surrounds the embryo as it grows

Question 7

endosperm vs. embryo

Answer 7

the embryo feeds on the endosperm while it is in the seed

Question 8

complete vs. incomplete flowers

Answer 8

complete
-contain all 4 whorls
incomplete
-lack one or more of the whorls

Question 9

perfect vs. imperfect flowers

Answer 9

perfect
-contain both kinds of sexual parts (carpals (pistils) and stamens
imperfect
-only have stamens or carpals

Question 10

simple vs. aggregate vs. multiple fruits

Answer 10

simple
-develop from a single avary
aggregate
-formed from several ovaries in a single flower
-contain multiple anthers
multiple
-develop from several ovaries in multiple flowers

Question 11

inferior vs. superior ovaries

Answer 11

inferior
-overies are below the sepals, petals, and stems
superior
-ovaries is above the sepals, petals, and stamens

Question 12

what advantages do the Anthophyta have for life in terrestrial habitats, compared to the gymnosperms

Answer 12

developmental plasticity
-capacity to undergo and survive genetic changes that created new options for growth
more efficient transport of water and nutrients
-vessel elements
enhanced nutrition and physical protection for embryos
-double fertilization
coevolution with animal pollinators
different mechanisms for dispersing pollen and seeds

Question 13

angiosperm

Answer 13

flowering plants

have an enclosed seed that is surrounded by a carpel

Question 14

receptacle

Answer 14

end of the floral shoot that the flower develops from

cells in the receptacle differentiate to produce four types of concentric tissue regions called whorls

Question 15

sepals

collectively called

Answer 15

whorl that protects the inner parts of the flower
leaflike
collectively called the calyx

Question 16

monocot

Answer 16

embryos have a single seed leaf (cotyledon)
pollen grains have a single groove
three floral parts
parallel leaf veins
vascular bundles distributed through ground tissue
fibrous root system

Question 17

perianth

Answer 17

collective term for calyx and corolla

regardless of whether they are distinct or not

Question 18

dicot

Answer 18

two cotyledons
four or five floral parts
leaf veins usually in a netlike array
three pores or furrows in pollen grains
vascular bundles organized as a ring in ground tissue
taproot root system

Question 19

stamen

Answer 19

produce the pollen

slender filament capped by a bilobed anther

Question 20

petals

collectively

Answer 20

whorl that attracts pollinators
-“showy” part of the flowers with distinctive colors, patterning, and shapes
collectively called the corolla

Question 21

flower

Answer 21

specialized branch with reduced internodes and parts modified for specific functions

Question 22

filament

Answer 22

long slender part of the stamen

Question 23

anther

Answer 23

top of the stamen

contains four pollen sacs, in which pollen develop

Question 24

pistil

Answer 24

produce the flowers and seeds
one or more carpels, in which female gametophytes form
lower part of carpel is the ovary with ovules inside
carpel widens into a slender style
terminates in a stigma

Question 25

carpel

Answer 25

``` make up the pistil modified leaf (megasporophyll) which has become folded at the midrib with its margins fusing together ```

Question 26

inflorescence

Answer 26

a group of flowers from the same floral shoot

Question 27

integuments

Answer 27

layer of tissue that surrounds the megaspores in the progymnosperm foundation for a ovule that would develop into the gymnosperm seed develops into the seed coat

Question 28

micropyle

Answer 28

area between integuments that the pollen tube enters through

Question 29

ovule

Answer 29

immature seed essentially a megasporangium contains a mother cell surrounded by a sterile jacket and the integument surrounding the sterile jacket (except for micropyle)

Question 30

tapetum

Answer 30

found in stamen lines the microsporangium layer of outer cells that nourishes developing spores

Question 31

tube nucleus

Answer 31

one of the two nuclei formed by mitotic division of a microspore during the formation of a pollen grain held to control subsequent growth of the pollen tube does not divide again

Question 32

generative cell

Answer 32

in pollen tube | divides to form two sperm cells

Question 33

polar nuclei

Answer 33

two nuclei in the middle of the egg | sperm fuses with them to become triploid tissue - endosperm

Question 34

antipodals

Answer 34

three cells opposite the micropyle | disintegrate when egg is fertilized

Question 35

egg, synergids

Answer 35

synergids are the two cells in the ovule that assist with fertilization one deteriorates to allow the sperm in through its cytoplasm

Question 36

embryo sac

Answer 36

contains the seven cells and eight nuclei | will develop into the embryo

Question 37

double fertilization

Answer 37

one of the sperm fertilizes the egg | the other fertilized the two nuclei in the middle of the embryo sac and becomes the endosperm

Question 38

primary endosperm nucleus

Answer 38

triploid nucleus that is the result of the fusion of a sperm with the polar nuclei also called the secondary nucleus

Question 39

zygote

Answer 39

results from the fusion of a pollen sperm with the egg first round of mitosis divides the zygote into an upper apical cell and lower basal cell apical -leads to multicellular embryo basal -leads to the suspensor, which transfers nutrients from the parent plant to the embryo

Question 40

endosperm

Answer 40

nourished embryonic sporophyte | nourishes the embryo and, in monocots, the seedling, until its leaves form and photosynthesis begins

Question 41

embryo

Answer 41

results from the apical cells of the zygote | has a radicle, embryonic root, cotyledon(s), and embryonic stem

Question 42

suspensor

Answer 42

forms from the basal cells of the zygote | transfers nutrients from the parent plant to the embryo

Question 43

cotyledon

Answer 43

seed leaf of the embryo will provide nutrients form growing tissues in a germinating seedling absorb much of the nutrient-storing endosperm and become plump and fleshy in some dicots the cotyledons remain as slender structure that produce enzymes that digest the seed's endosperm and transfer the liberated nutrients to the seedling

Question 44

pericarp

Answer 44

fruit wall develops from the ovary wall and can have several layers can be used in defining fruit classification (fleshy vs. dry)

Question 45

parthenocarpic fruit

Answer 45

production of fruit without fertilization of ovules | fruit is therefore seedless

Question 46

what features are characteristic of flowers pollinated by wind

Answer 46

stamen stick out away from plant | pollen is very light

Question 47

what features are characteristic of flowers pollinated by bees

Answer 47

sweet odors parts that appear to humans as yellow, blue, or purple produced by pigments that absorb ultraviolet light, colors form "nectar guides" that attract bees

Question 48

what features are characteristic of flowers pollinated by moths

Answer 48

intensely sweet-smelling flowers with white or pale petals that are more visible than colored petals in the dark narrow flower tubes for moth mouthparts

Question 49

what features are characteristic of flowers pollinated by butterflies

Answer 49

narrow flower tubes for butterfly mouthparts | sweet odors

Question 50

what features are characteristic of flowers pollinated by hummingbirds

Answer 50

red and yellow flowers attract birds