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Biology Plant Exam #2 > Biology Ch. 29: Gymnosperms > Flashcards

Biology Ch. 29: Gymnosperms Flashcards

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1
Q

gymnosperm

A

“naked seed” plants

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2
Q

perennial

A

grow and reproduce year after year

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3
Q

monoecious

A

each plant has some “male” flowers with only stamens and some “female” flowers with only carpels

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4
Q

dioecious

A

given plant produces flowers having only stamens or only carpels

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5
Q

strobilus

A

cone

group of sporangia put together on top of leaves

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6
Q

pollen cone

A

male strobilus
relatively small and delicate
consists of many small scales, which are specialized leaves called sporophylls

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7
Q

seed cone

A

develops higher in the tree than male cones
cone scales bear ovules
-each ovule contains a spore mother cell called a megasporocyte

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8
Q

microsporangium, pollen sac

A

cycads and conifers have 2 pollen sacs on the abaxial side of the cone

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9
Q

microspore

A

undergo mitosis and develop into pollen grains

microsporocytes undergo meiosis and give rise to haploid microspores

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10
Q

pollen grain

A

male gametophyte
produce 2 sperm
walls reinforced with polymer sporopollenin
nonmotile

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11
Q

pollen tube

A

pollen grain develops into a pollen tube after pollination and grows toward the female spore mother cell

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12
Q

spropollenin

A

polymer that reinforces pollen grains

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13
Q

microgametophyte

A

sperm-producing gametophyte

in heterosporous plants

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14
Q

tube cell

A

cell from which the pollen tube grows

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15
Q

generative cells

A

cell that divides to give rise indirectly or indirectly to sperm

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16
Q

prothallial cells

A

BOOK

17
Q

ovule

A

structure in which a female gametophyte develops
enclosed within a ovary
in conifers each ovule contains a spore mother cell called a megasporocyte

18
Q

seed

A

structure that forms when the ovule matures after a pollen grain reaches it and a sperm fertilizes the egg
3 basic parts
-embryo sporophyte
-tissue around it containing carbohydrates, proteins and lipids
-tough, protective outer seed coat

19
Q

integument, seed coat

A

layer of tissue that surrounds the megaspores in the progymnosperm
foundation for an ovule that would develop into a gymnosperm seed
integument develops into a protective seed coat by the time the ovule is mature

20
Q

micropyle

A

where the pollen tube enters the ovule prior to fertilization
between the integuments

21
Q

megasporangium

A

formed within ovules

surrounded by protective tissue in one or two layers called integuments

22
Q

nucellus

A

name for the megasporangium in the gymnosperms

23
Q

megaspore

A

female gametophyte

24
Q

megagametophyte

A

egg producing gametophyte

25
Q

archegonium

A

outside layer of cells (single layer) that surround gametangia that produce the egg

26
Q

egg, sperm

A

respective gametes

27
Q

suspensor

A

transfers nutrients from the partent plant to the embryo

descendants of the basal cell that form a simple row of cells

28
Q

cotyledon, seed leaf

A

cotyledon
-embryonic leaf
seed leaf
-another name for the cotyledon

29
Q

cycadophyta distinguishing characteristics

A 
dioecious
-separate pollen and ovule producing plants
monocot
rough stem
microsporangia develop on abaxial side
pollen grains develop in sporangia
-non-flagellated sperm
30
Q

coniferophyta distinguishing characteristics

A 
native to northern hemisphere
leaves are needelike or scale-like
adapted to cold/dry
-have small survace area for their volume
-thick cuticle
-few stamates
-stomates are sunken below the surface
2 pollen sacs/scale
2 ovules/scale
non-flagellated sperm
31
Q

gnetophyta distinguishing characteristics

A

“leafless” shrub of desert areas
similar to angiosperms
-some have vessels in their xylem
-some have pollen and ovules in the same cluster of strobili
-some use both sperm in a given pollen tube
-non-flagellated sperm

32
Q

ginkgophyta distinguishing characteristics

A 
large diciduous trees
leaves spur shoot
dichotomous venation
thick, fleshy seed coat
-releases butanoic acid when smashed
33
Q

conifer adaptations for dry habitats

A

small surface area for their volume
thick cuticle
few stomates
stomates are sunken below the surface

34
Q

why do many conifers require mycorrhizal fungi for normal growth?

A

BOOK

35
Q

what advantages are there in the “seed habit” for life on the land?

A

way to move gametes without free water

  • opens during times of the year that are not wet
  • opens geographical areas
36
Q

what makes gymnosperms “nakes seed” plants?

A

seeds are unenclosed by an ovary or fruit

angiosperms have ovary

Biology Plant Exam #2 (5 decks)

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