Biology Ch. 29: Gymnosperms

Question 1

gymnosperm

Answer 1

“naked seed” plants

Question 2

perennial

Answer 2

grow and reproduce year after year

Question 3

monoecious

Answer 3

each plant has some “male” flowers with only stamens and some “female” flowers with only carpels

Question 4

dioecious

Answer 4

given plant produces flowers having only stamens or only carpels

Question 5

strobilus

Answer 5

cone

group of sporangia put together on top of leaves

Question 6

pollen cone

Answer 6

male strobilus
relatively small and delicate
consists of many small scales, which are specialized leaves called sporophylls

Question 7

seed cone

Answer 7

develops higher in the tree than male cones
cone scales bear ovules
-each ovule contains a spore mother cell called a megasporocyte

Question 8

microsporangium, pollen sac

Answer 8

cycads and conifers have 2 pollen sacs on the abaxial side of the cone

Question 9

microspore

Answer 9

undergo mitosis and develop into pollen grains

microsporocytes undergo meiosis and give rise to haploid microspores

Question 10

pollen grain

Answer 10

male gametophyte
produce 2 sperm
walls reinforced with polymer sporopollenin
nonmotile

Question 11

pollen tube

Answer 11

pollen grain develops into a pollen tube after pollination and grows toward the female spore mother cell

Question 12

spropollenin

Answer 12

polymer that reinforces pollen grains

Question 13

microgametophyte

Answer 13

sperm-producing gametophyte

in heterosporous plants

Question 14

tube cell

Answer 14

cell from which the pollen tube grows

Question 15

generative cells

Answer 15

cell that divides to give rise indirectly or indirectly to sperm

Question 16

prothallial cells

Answer 16

BOOK

Question 17

ovule

Answer 17

structure in which a female gametophyte develops
enclosed within a ovary
in conifers each ovule contains a spore mother cell called a megasporocyte

Question 18

seed

Answer 18

structure that forms when the ovule matures after a pollen grain reaches it and a sperm fertilizes the egg
3 basic parts
-embryo sporophyte
-tissue around it containing carbohydrates, proteins and lipids
-tough, protective outer seed coat

Question 19

integument, seed coat

Answer 19

layer of tissue that surrounds the megaspores in the progymnosperm
foundation for an ovule that would develop into a gymnosperm seed
integument develops into a protective seed coat by the time the ovule is mature

Question 20

micropyle

Answer 20

where the pollen tube enters the ovule prior to fertilization
between the integuments

Question 21

megasporangium

Answer 21

formed within ovules

surrounded by protective tissue in one or two layers called integuments

Question 22

nucellus

Answer 22

name for the megasporangium in the gymnosperms

Question 23

megaspore

Answer 23

female gametophyte

Question 24

megagametophyte

Answer 24

egg producing gametophyte

Question 25

archegonium

Answer 25

outside layer of cells (single layer) that surround gametangia that produce the egg

Question 26

egg, sperm

Answer 26

respective gametes

Question 27

suspensor

Answer 27

transfers nutrients from the partent plant to the embryo | descendants of the basal cell that form a simple row of cells

Question 28

cotyledon, seed leaf

Answer 28

cotyledon -embryonic leaf seed leaf -another name for the cotyledon

Question 29

cycadophyta distinguishing characteristics

Answer 29

``` dioecious -separate pollen and ovule producing plants monocot rough stem microsporangia develop on abaxial side pollen grains develop in sporangia -non-flagellated sperm ```

Question 30

coniferophyta distinguishing characteristics

Answer 30

``` native to northern hemisphere leaves are needelike or scale-like adapted to cold/dry -have small survace area for their volume -thick cuticle -few stamates -stomates are sunken below the surface 2 pollen sacs/scale 2 ovules/scale non-flagellated sperm ```

Question 31

gnetophyta distinguishing characteristics

Answer 31

"leafless" shrub of desert areas similar to angiosperms -some have vessels in their xylem -some have pollen and ovules in the same cluster of strobili -some use both sperm in a given pollen tube -non-flagellated sperm

Question 32

ginkgophyta distinguishing characteristics

Answer 32

``` large diciduous trees leaves spur shoot dichotomous venation thick, fleshy seed coat -releases butanoic acid when smashed ```

Question 33

conifer adaptations for dry habitats

Answer 33

small surface area for their volume thick cuticle few stomates stomates are sunken below the surface

Question 34

why do many conifers require mycorrhizal fungi for normal growth?

Answer 34

BOOK

Question 35

what advantages are there in the "seed habit" for life on the land?

Answer 35

way to move gametes without free water - opens during times of the year that are not wet - opens geographical areas

Question 36

what makes gymnosperms "nakes seed" plants?

Answer 36

seeds are unenclosed by an ovary or fruit | angiosperms have ovary