Biology: Ch 1-4

Question 1

What are the components of the cell theory?

Answer 1

1) All things are composed of cells
2) The cell is the basic function of life
3) Cells arise only from preexisting cells
4) Cells carry genetic information in the form of DNA. This genetic material is passed on from parent to daughter cell.

Question 2

What are the key characteristics of prokaryotes?

Answer 2

1) Bacteria are prokaryotes
2) Cell wall present in all prokaryotes
3) NO NUCLEUS
4) Ribosome subunit 30s and 50s
5) No membrane bound organelles
6) Unicellular

Question 3

What are the key characteristics of eukaryotes?

Answer 3

1) Eukaryotes are protists, fungi, plants and animals
2) Cell wall present in fungi and plants only
3) NUCLEUS PRESENT
4) Ribosome subunit: 40s and 60s
5) Membrane-bound organelles
6) Unicellular or multicellular

Question 4

What are phospholipids? and what is the phospholipid bilayer?

Answer 4

Phospholipids compose the phospholipid bilayer and have phospholipid hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails (fatty acids). The bilayer is studded with proteins and lipid rafts that can control the movement of solutes in and out of the cell.

Question 5

What are transport proteins?

Answer 5

allow polar molecules and ions to move in and out of the cell

Question 6

What are cell adhesion molecules?

Answer 6

proteins that allow cells to recognize each other and contribute to proper cell differentiation and development.

Question 7

What is a nuclear membrane?

Answer 7

double membrane that maintains a nuclear environment separate and distinct from the cytoplasm

Question 8

What are nuclear pores?

Answer 8

allow for the selective two-way exchange of material into and out of the nucleus.

Question 9

What is the nucleolus?

Answer 9

a subsection of the nucleus where the ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is synthesized

Question 10

What are the components of the ribosome and what are there functions?

Answer 10

Smooth and rough (studded with ribosomes).

• Smooth works toward lipid synthesis and detoxification of drugs and poisons
• Rough is more directly involved in the production of protein products.

Question 11

What is the golgi apparatus?

Answer 11

a series of membrane bound sacs; it receives materials from the smooth ER and then repackages them to send to the cell surface

Question 12

What is the function of the lysosomes?

Answer 12

Take material brought in by endosomes and using hydrolytic enzymes at ph~5 they break down material ingested by the cell.
- Can cause autolysis (apoptosis)

Question 13

What are the components of the mitochondria?

Answer 13

1) Inner membrane- Contains molecules and enzymes necessary for the electron transport chain. Contains cristae- foldings that increase surface area for the ETC enzymes to sit within. Incloses the mitochrondrial matrix.
2) Intermembrane space
3) Outer membrane: walls; allows in appropriate materials for respiration based on size.

Question 14

What is meant by saying mitochondria are semiautonomous?

Answer 14

Contain some of their own genes and replicate independently of the nucleus via binary fission.

• Can only be inherited by the mother.

Question 15

What are peroxisomes?

Answer 15

Create H2O2 in the cell and are used to break down fats into usable molecules as well as catalyze detoxification reactions in the liver.

Question 16

What are glyoxysomes?

Answer 16

important in germinating plants, convert fats to usable fuel (sugars) until the plant can make its own E.

Question 17

What are chloroplasts?

Answer 17

Contain chlorophyll and are responsible for the generation of E using H2O, CO2 and sunlight

Question 18

What are the two cellular components thought to have arisen through engulf/symbiosis?

Answer 18

Mitochondria and chloroplasts

Question 19

What are the three components of the cytoskeleton?

Answer 19

Microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments

Question 20

What is the structure/function of microfilaments?

Answer 20

make up of solid polymerized rods of actin, useful in muscular contraction, movement of materials within the cell membrane and amoeboid movement

Question 21

What is the structure/function of microtubules?

Answer 21

Hollow, polymers of tubulin proteins. Provide transport, structural support, involved in chromosomal separation during mitosis/meiosis, Structural basis for cilia and flagella

Question 22

What is the structure/function of intermediate filaments?

Answer 22

Collection of fibers that help maintain the overall integrity of the cytoskeleton

Question 23

What is osmosis?

Answer 23

• High->Low
• No membrane protein required
• Passive process so no energy required
• transports H2O

Question 24

What is a hypotonic solution?

Answer 24

Conc. inside the cell higher than surrounding solution. Cell can swell/burst

Question 25

What is a hypertonic solution?

Answer 25

Conc. inside cell is lower than surrounding solution. Cell will shrink

Question 26

What is an isotonic solution?

Answer 26

Solutions inside and outside and equimolar

Question 27

What is facilitated diffusion?

Answer 27

• high->low
• Membrane protein required
• No energy required (passive process)
• Leage nonpolar molecules transported (glucose)

Question 28

What is simple diffusion?

Answer 28

• High->Low
• No membrane protein required
• No energy required (passive)
• Moves small non polar (O2, CO2)

Question 29

What is active transport?

Answer 29

• Low->High
• Membrane protein required
• Active process (requires ATP)
• Moves polar molecules or ions (Na+, Cl-, K+)

Question 30

What are types of tissues and their functions?

Answer 30

1) Epithelial- Covers body/ lines cavities. Provides means for protection, invasion, and desiccation. Involved in absorption, secretion, and sensation.
2) Connective- Supports body and provides framework
3) Nervous- Neurons, use electrochemical gradients to allow for cellular signaling and coordinated control
4) Muscle- skeletal, smooth, cardiac

Question 31

What are viruses known as?

Answer 31

Since they cannot reproduce independently, known as obligate intracellular parasites

Question 32

What are bacteriophages?

Answer 32

Viruses that can specifically target bacteria.