Biology: Ch 1-4 Flashcards
What are the components of the cell theory?
1) All things are composed of cells
2) The cell is the basic function of life
3) Cells arise only from preexisting cells
4) Cells carry genetic information in the form of DNA. This genetic material is passed on from parent to daughter cell.
What are the key characteristics of prokaryotes?
1) Bacteria are prokaryotes
2) Cell wall present in all prokaryotes
3) NO NUCLEUS
4) Ribosome subunit 30s and 50s
5) No membrane bound organelles
6) Unicellular
What are the key characteristics of eukaryotes?
1) Eukaryotes are protists, fungi, plants and animals
2) Cell wall present in fungi and plants only
3) NUCLEUS PRESENT
4) Ribosome subunit: 40s and 60s
5) Membrane-bound organelles
6) Unicellular or multicellular
What are phospholipids? and what is the phospholipid bilayer?
Phospholipids compose the phospholipid bilayer and have phospholipid hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails (fatty acids). The bilayer is studded with proteins and lipid rafts that can control the movement of solutes in and out of the cell.
What are transport proteins?
allow polar molecules and ions to move in and out of the cell
What are cell adhesion molecules?
proteins that allow cells to recognize each other and contribute to proper cell differentiation and development.
What is a nuclear membrane?
double membrane that maintains a nuclear environment separate and distinct from the cytoplasm
What are nuclear pores?
allow for the selective two-way exchange of material into and out of the nucleus.
What is the nucleolus?
a subsection of the nucleus where the ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is synthesized
What are the components of the ribosome and what are there functions?
Smooth and rough (studded with ribosomes).
- Smooth works toward lipid synthesis and detoxification of drugs and poisons
- Rough is more directly involved in the production of protein products.
What is the golgi apparatus?
a series of membrane bound sacs; it receives materials from the smooth ER and then repackages them to send to the cell surface
What is the function of the lysosomes?
Take material brought in by endosomes and using hydrolytic enzymes at ph~5 they break down material ingested by the cell.
- Can cause autolysis (apoptosis)
What are the components of the mitochondria?
1) Inner membrane- Contains molecules and enzymes necessary for the electron transport chain. Contains cristae- foldings that increase surface area for the ETC enzymes to sit within. Incloses the mitochrondrial matrix.
2) Intermembrane space
3) Outer membrane: walls; allows in appropriate materials for respiration based on size.
What is meant by saying mitochondria are semiautonomous?
Contain some of their own genes and replicate independently of the nucleus via binary fission.
- Can only be inherited by the mother.
What are peroxisomes?
Create H2O2 in the cell and are used to break down fats into usable molecules as well as catalyze detoxification reactions in the liver.
What are glyoxysomes?
important in germinating plants, convert fats to usable fuel (sugars) until the plant can make its own E.
What are chloroplasts?
Contain chlorophyll and are responsible for the generation of E using H2O, CO2 and sunlight
What are the two cellular components thought to have arisen through engulf/symbiosis?
Mitochondria and chloroplasts
What are the three components of the cytoskeleton?
Microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments
What is the structure/function of microfilaments?
make up of solid polymerized rods of actin, useful in muscular contraction, movement of materials within the cell membrane and amoeboid movement
What is the structure/function of microtubules?
Hollow, polymers of tubulin proteins. Provide transport, structural support, involved in chromosomal separation during mitosis/meiosis, Structural basis for cilia and flagella
What is the structure/function of intermediate filaments?
Collection of fibers that help maintain the overall integrity of the cytoskeleton
What is osmosis?
- High->Low
- No membrane protein required
- Passive process so no energy required
- transports H2O
What is a hypotonic solution?
Conc. inside the cell higher than surrounding solution. Cell can swell/burst
