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Biology > Biology Cell Division Exam Questions > Flashcards

Biology Cell Division Exam Questions Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Name 2 types of cell found in phloem tissue

A

Sieve (element)

Companion cell

Fibres

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2
Q

Name type of tissue that undergoes cell division to form undifferentiated plant cells

A

Meristem

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3
Q

Discuss the ways genetic variation is produced

A

Independent assortment of homologous chromosomes

In metaphase I

So homologous chromosomes have different alleles

Producing different number of allele combinations

Crossing over
In prophase I
So chromatids have different combination of alleles
Variation depends on distance between crossover points

Fertilisation
Gamete’s are not genetically identical
Produces large number of allele combinations

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4
Q

State the correct term for communication between cells

A

Cell signalling

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5
Q

Name nuclear division which occurs in plant growth

A

Mitosis

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6
Q

Name one location where growth occurs in a plant

A

Meristem

Bud

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7
Q

Meiosis is used in many organisms for the production of gametes

Explain why meiosis needs to have twice as many stages as mitosis

A

To halve chromosome number (diploid to haploid)

To separate homologous pairs and sister chromatids

Because DNA previously replicated

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8
Q

Discuss possible effects that mutation can have on the structure and function of a protein

A

Different sequence of amino pairs

Protein shorter due to deletion or longer due to insertion

Protein unchanged due to silent mutation

Function is lost/worse/better

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9
Q

Name the process of asexual reproduction in yeast

A

Budding

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10
Q

Outline the process of asexual reproduction in yeast

A

Mitosis
Swelling In surface of cell
Nucleus moves into swelling
Bulge pinches

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11
Q

Yeast cells can separate after cell division. In a multicellular organism, the cells do not separate but become organised to form the body structure.

Describe how the cells in multicellular organisms are organised

A

Cells are specialised
Groups of cells form tissues
Groups of tissues form organ systems
Groups of organ systems work together
(Include an example) - cells work together to form tissues

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12
Q

Before the division of the nucleus of a cell: the genetic material must replicate.

Explain why this is essential

A

Cells are genetically identical

So both daughter cells receive a full copy

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13
Q

Explain what is meant by a homologous pair of chromosomes

A

Same length
Have different alleles
Centromere in same position

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14
Q

State what is meant by the term tissue

A

A group of cells which work together to perform a function

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15
Q

Describe how cells are organised into tissues, using xylem and phloem as examples

A

Xylem:
Consists of vessels
Wall lignified (waterproof and high tensile strength)
Used in the movement of water/minerals

Phloem:
Sieve tube elements and companion cells
Little cytoplasm
Transports sucrose

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16
Q

Name two parts of a plant where meristematic tissue can be found

A

Bud

Behind tip of root

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17
Q

State one way the products of meiosis are different from the products of nuclear division in meristematic tissue

A

In meiosis, the cells produced are not genetically identical

Four cells produced

18
Q

During interphase the genetic material is copied

State two other processes that occur during interphase

A

Protein synthesis
Centrioles replicate
Cell growth
Checking of genetic material

19
Q

Suggest two ways that cell division In plants differs from cell division in animals

A

In plant cells a cell plate forms between the new cells

Cytokinesis starts from middle of cell

Only occurs in meristem

No centrioles

20
Q

Name one type of epithelial tissue found in the lungs

A

Squamous / ciliated

21
Q

Explain why lungs can be considered to be an organ

A

An organ is a collection of tissues working together to enable gas exchange

The lungs contain connective tissue and cartilage

22
Q

Outline the process of budding in yeast

A

Mitosis

Cell swells on one side
Nucleus moves into bulge
Pinches off (so bud becomes separate cell)

23
Q

The second division of meiosis is different from mitosis as

A

The separating chromatids of a pair are not the same

24
Q

During which stage of the cell cycle does semi conservative dna replication take place?

A

Synthesis phase

25
Q

Mitosis is involved in growth and repair of tissues
State two other roles of mitosis in multicellular organisms

A

Asexual reproduction
Producing gamete’s from haploid cells
Production of new stem cells

26
Q

Describe how new xylem cells are produced

A

Produced in meristems

By differentiation from stem cells

27
Q

Explain the benefit to plants of internal transport systems

A

SA : V ratio too small
Diffusion from outer surface not efficient
Ensures molecules reach all tissues
Allows high metabolic rate

28
Q

What features of adult stem cells make them suitable for regeneration of tissues in the kidney?

A

Multi-potent

Differentiate to become any cell type within kidney

29
Q

What are haploid cells represented with?

A

N

30
Q

What are diploid cells represented with?

A

2n

31
Q

Which cell type are creating during mitosis?

A

Diploid (2n)

32
Q

Which cell type are created using meiosis?

A

Haploid (n)

33
Q

State three events that occur in G1 phase of cell cycle

A

Cells grow
Protein synthesis
Organelles replicate

34
Q

Describe what may happen in G0 phase of the cell cycle

A

Apoptosis
Differentiation
Senescence

35
Q

Describe how cytokinesis differs between dividing animal cells and plant cells

A

Animal cells :
Cleavage furrow forms and plasma membrane is pulled inwards, splitting the cytoplasm

Plant cells :
Vesicles assemble around metaphase plate and fuse
New plasma membrane and cellulose cell wall are laid down

36
Q

What happens during G2 phase?

A

Proteins which involved in making the chromosomes condense are synthesised

37
Q

What is a bivalent?

A

Set of 2 homologous chromosomes lying adjacent to each other and are held together by chiasmata

38
Q

4 features of meristematic cells which mean they can differentiate easily

A

Thin walls with very little cellulose

No chloroplasts

No large vacuole

Divide by mitosis and can differentiate into many different cell types

39
Q

Describe the purpose of cytoskeleton threads and motor proteins in palisade cells

A

Moves chloroplasts to areas of appropriate light intensity

40
Q

What is the difference between anaphase I and anaphase II?

A

In anaphase 1 homologous pair of chromosomes separated so chromosome number halves

In anaphase 2 sister chromatids of each chromosome are separated so chromosome number stays the same

41
Q

What occurs in cytokinesis?

A

Division of cytoplasm and cell membrane at the end of mitosis/meiosis to produce new cells

Biology (8 decks)

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