Biology Animal Systems Flashcards
Immune Main Components
White blood cells (T-cells, B-cells), antibodies, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus
Immune Role in Defense
Protects against infections by identifying and attacking foreign pathogens (bacteria, viruses, etc.) and abnormal cells.
Immune Example
B-cells produce antibodies to neutralize pathogens. T-cells destroy infected cells directly
Integumentary Main Components
Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands
Integumentary Role in Defense
Serves as the body’s first line of defense by acting as a physical barrier against pathogens and harmful substances.
Integumentary Example
Skin acts as a physical barrier to pathogens. Sweat and oils contain antimicrobial properties.
Circulatory Main Components
Heart, blood, blood vessels, lymphatic system
Circulatory Role in Defense
Transports immune cells, nutrients, and oxygen, and removes waste products; the lymphatic system filters pathogens.
Circulatory Example
White blood cells circulate in blood and lymph to fight infection. Lymph nodes filter harmful materials.
Respiratory Main Components
Nose, lungs, trachea, bronchi, alveoli
Respiratory Role in Defense
Filters and traps pathogens in mucus; sneezing and coughing expel foreign particles; alveoli provide defense against airborne pathogens.
Respiratory Example
Cilia and mucus in the airways trap and remove pathogens. Coughing expels foreign particles.
Digestive Main Components
Mouth, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, gut flora
Digestive Role in Defense
Breaks down food while also defending against ingested pathogens through acidic environments and digestive enzymes.
Digestive Example
Stomach acid kills pathogens. Gut microbiota prevent pathogenic growth by competing for resources.
Nervous Main Components
Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs
Nervous Role in Defense
Detects potential threats through pain and other sensory responses and coordinates immune responses to infection or injury.
Nervous Example
Pain receptors signal potential harm. Nervous system activation can prompt immune responses (e.g., fever).
Endocrine Main Components
Glands (thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, etc.), hormones
Endocrine Role in Defense
Releases hormones that help regulate the immune system, stress responses, and healing processes.
Endocrine Example
Cortisol from the adrenal glands helps manage inflammation and immune response. Thyroid hormones regulate body function during stress.
Lymphatic Main Components
Lymph, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus
Lymphatic Role in Defense
Filters and drains lymph fluid from tissues, removes toxins, and provides a site for immune cell activation.
Lymphatic Example
Lymph nodes filter pathogens. Thymus is the site of T-cell maturation.
Digestive Nutrients Role in Defense
Breaks down food into smaller molecules for absorption and ensures nutrients are absorbed through the intestinal walls.
Digestive Nutrients Example
Small intestine absorbs nutrients like glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids. Liver processes absorbed nutrients
Circulatory Nutrients Role in Defense
Transports absorbed nutrients from the digestive system to cells throughout the body via the bloodstream.
Circulatory Nutrients Example
Capillaries in the villi of the small intestine transport nutrients like glucose and amino acids into the bloodstream.
Digestive Main Components Nutrients
Mouth, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, pancreas, gallbladder
Circulatory Main Components Nutrients
Blood, heart, blood vessels (capillaries)
Lymphatic Main Components Nutrients
Lymph, lymph vessels, lymph nodes, thoracic duct
Lymphatic Role in Defense Nutrients
Transports absorbed fats (lipids) from the intestines to the bloodstream via the lymphatic system.
Lymphatic Nutrients Example
Lacteals in the villi of the small intestine absorb fats and transport them through the lymphatic vessels.
Endocrine Main Components Nutrients
Hormones (insulin, glucagon, leptin, etc.), pancreas
Endocrine Role in Defense Nutrients
Regulates nutrient metabolism by controlling the release of digestive enzymes, insulin for glucose absorption, and hunger signals.
Endocrine Nutrients Example
Insulin from the pancreas facilitates the uptake of glucose into cells after nutrient absorption in the intestines.
Integumentary Nutrients Main Components
Skin, sweat glands
Integumentary Nutrients Role in Defense
Although not directly involved in nutrient absorption, it helps with the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) through the skin.
Integumentary Nutrients Example
Vitamin D is synthesized in the skin when exposed to sunlight and then absorbed into the bloodstream.
Urinary (endocrine on key idk) Nutrients Main Components
Kidneys, Ureters, bladder, urethra
Urinary (endocrine?) Nutrients Role in Defense
While primarily responsible for waste removal, it also helps regulate nutrient balance by filtering excess nutrients from the blood.
Urinary (endocrine?) Nutrients example
Vitamin D is synthesized in the skin when exposed to sunlight and then absorbed into the bloodstream.
Which body system is responsible for the transport of both gases and nutrients throughout the body?
The Circulatory System:
Oxygen Transport: Red blood cells transport oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and organs.
Nutrient Transport: Nutrients absorbed from the digestive system are transported via the bloodstream to cells.
A person inhales deeply to increase oxygen levels in the blood after physical exertion.
Achieving Homeostasis
Reason: Deep breathing helps restore oxygen levels in the blood, a mechanism that helps maintain normal physiological balance.
A person has high blood pressure due to stress, and the body fails to return blood pressure to normal levels.
NOT Achieving Homeostasis
Reason: Persistent high blood pressure indicates the failure of homeostatic regulation, leading to an imbalance
A person experiences dehydration and the body reduces urine output to conserve water.
Achieving Homeostasis
Reason: Reduced urine output helps conserve water in response to dehydration, maintaining fluid balance (homeostasis).
A person eats a large meal, and the pancreas releases insulin to regulate blood sugar levels.
Achieving Homeostasis
Reason: Insulin release to regulate blood glucose after eating helps maintain homeostasis by stabilizing blood sugar levels.
A person sweats during an aerobic activity in order to cool the body back down to normal temperature.
Achieving Homeostasis
Reason: Sweating is a cooling mechanism that helps regulate body temperature during physical exertion, maintaining homeostasis.
A person shivers when exposed to cold, generating heat to maintain body temperature.
Achieving Homeostasis
Reason: Shivering is a thermoregulatory response to cold that helps the body maintain a stable internal temperature.
A person develops diabetes, resulting in unregulated blood glucose levels.
NOT Achieving Homeostasis
Reason: Diabetes prevents proper regulation of blood glucose, indicating failure to maintain homeostasis.
A person experiences a fever due to an infection, leading to increased metabolic activity.
Achieving Homeostasis-
Reason: In this sense, the fever is a defensive response aimed at restoring homeostasis by fighting the infection and bringing the body back to a healthy state.
