AP Human Unit 2 Flashcards
Ecumene
The habitable area of the world
Arable
Land that can be farmed/Lived on
Arithmetic Population Density
Does not account for the uneven distribution of population with each country. No info on clustering & dispersal.
Physiological Population Density Equation
Total Equation/Arable Land (sq.mi)
Arithmetic Population Density Equation
Total Population/Land area (sq.mi)
Carrying Capacity:
The maximum population size that can be supported by the available resource without changing the environment.
Agricultural Population Density
Better indicator of a country’s level of economic development rather than population distribution
Agricultural Population Density Equation
Farmers/Arable Land (sq.mi)
Dependency Ratio
The # of people in a dependent age group divided by the number of people in the working age group multiplied by 100.
A high dependency ratio=
number of people not working, earning income, and paying taxes.
Sex Ratio
The proportion of males to females in a population
Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
The # of live births occurring in 1 year per 1,000 people
Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
Average # of children who would be born per woman during her childbearing years
Life Expectancy
The # of years the average person will live
Crude Death Rate (CDR)
The number of deaths occurring in 1 year of 1,000 people
Infant Mortality Rate
The # of children who die before 1 year of age
Natural Increase Rate (NIR) or Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)
-Does not account for migration
-Can be a negative number (that indicates population decrease
-Usually a percentage
Population Growth Rate
-more accurate measure
-accounts for Migration
Immigrants
People who moved INTO a country
Emigrants
People that move OUT of a country
Population Growth Rate Equation
Births - Deaths + Immigrants - Emigrants
Doubling Time
The number of years in which a population will double assuming the growth rate remains stable
Demography
The study of population statistics
The Demographic Transition Model (DTM)
Used by geographers to analyze and predict trends in population growth and decline including patterns of births, deaths and natural increase rates.
CBR STAGE 1 & 2
-High TFR (children are not likely to survive
-High IMR & CMR
-Need for child labor
CBR STAGE 3 & 4
-reduced need for child labor
-smaller living spaces
-Increase in healthcare, female employment & education
CBR STAGE 5
-Replacement level
-Zero population growth
CDR STAGE 1
-Short life expectancy
-Famine, poor diet, etc
CDR STAGE 2
Improved nutrition, sanitation & medicines
CDR STAGE 3 & 4
Life expectancy increases due to progression from earlier
CDR STAGE 5
Most Medically Advanced
NIR STAGE 1
Low Growth-
No countries are in this historic stage!
NIR STAGE 2
Rapid Growth-
Low developed countries
NIR STAGE 3 & 4
Growth Slows then stabilizes at low growth
NIR STAGE 5
Negative, Very low
POPULATION COMPOSITION STAGE 1 & 2
Youth Dependency
POPULATION COMPOSITION STAGE 3
Society is still young, people surviving longer.
POPULATION COMPOSITION STAGE 4
Beginning to shift to elderly dependency
POPULATION COMPOSITION STAGE 5
Most likely to have a high elderly dependency ratio
STAGE ONE ETM
Resilience & Famine (Diseases, animal attacks, accidents, malnutrition
STAGE TWO ETM
Receding Pandemics
Disease decline due to new medical advances
STAGE THREE ETM
Degenerative & Human made diseases
Aging
Lifestyle
-Heart Disease
-Cancer
STAGE FOUR ETM
Delayed degenerative diseases
-associated w/ aging and lifestyle choices can be delayed w/ medical advancements
STAGE FIVE ETM
Reemergence of infectious diseases
-bacteria & parasites become resistant to antibiotics & vaccines
Thomas Malthus
Industrial revolution
-rising life expectancy, lower death rates
Malthus Claim
Population grows exponentially while food output only grows arithmetically. This would result in food shortage, and Famine due to overpopulation
Exponentially
2,4,8,16
Arithmetically
1,2,3,4
Boserup’s Claim
Food supply is impacted directly by population growth. As population Increases humans will develop new technologies to also increase production of food supply
Pro-Natalist Population Policies
Government programs designed to increase the fertility rate and accelerate population growth. (expansive population Policies)
STAGE 4 & 5 Countries
-Aging Population
-Declining population
-Labor Force
Anti-Natalist Population Policies
Government programs designed to decrease the fertility rate and slow down population growth
(restrictive population Policies)
Migration
The permanent or semipermanent relocation of people from one place to another
Push Factors
Negative circumstances, events, or conditions present in a location that causes people to move away
Pull Factors
Positive conditions and circumstances, events or conditions present in a location that causes people to move away
Intervening Obstacle
Barriers that hold migrants back from continuing to travel.
Intervening Opportunity:
An opportunity that causes migrants to voluntarily stop traveling.
Transnational:
Migration from one country to another country.
Internal:
Migrants that travel within a country’s borders. Much more likely than a transnational migration
Transhumance
Traditional MIgration of nomadic herders that move their livestock from high elevations in the summer and lower elevations in the winter
Chain
Immigrants migrate to a location based off of the recommendation of or reunification with family, friends that have previously migrated to that locatin
