Biology and Phylogenetic Classification

Question 1

Biological scales of life (smallest to largest)

Answer 1

molecules, proteins and nucleic acids, cells, tissues, organs, organisms, communities, ecosystems

Question 2

Original Classification of Organisms

Answer 2

5 kingdoms: Protista, Monera, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia (now organized into 7)

Question 3

3 Domains

Answer 3

introduced in 1977; Bacteria, Archaea, Eukaryota

Question 4

Monophyletic Groups

Answer 4

come from a single ancestor; aka “clades”; encompasses entire branch

Question 5

Node

Answer 5

branch point; can represent a common ancestor on a phylogenetic tree

Question 6

Prokaryote

Answer 6

a microscopic single-celled organism that has neither a distinct nucleus with a membrane nor other specialized organelles; include bacteria and cyanobacteria

Question 7

Eukaryotic Cell

Answer 7

has a nucleus and mitochondria, prokaryotic cell does not

Question 8

Eukaryote

Answer 8

an organism consisting of a cell or cells in which the genetic material in DNA in the form of chromosomes contained with a distinct nucleus; include all living organisms besides eubacteria and archaebacteria

Question 9

Epigenetics

Answer 9

the study of how your behaviors and environment can cause changes that affect gene expression

Question 10

Histone Modification

Answer 10

DNA wraps around histone proteins; DNA-wrapped histones cannot be accessed by proteins that “read” the gene, can impact which genes are turned “on” versus “off”

Question 11

Protist

Answer 11

a single-celled organism of the kingdom Protista; ex: protozoan or simple alga

Question 12

Order of traditional biological classification (broad to specific)

Answer 12

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Question 13

Cnidaria

Answer 13

a phylum that includes corals, sea anemones, and jellyfish; branches off near the base of the animal evolutionary tree

Question 14

All animals are

Answer 14

multicellular

Question 15

Bacteria

Answer 15

cells do not contain a nucleus; cell walls composed of polysaccharide peptidoglycan

Question 16

Archaea

Answer 16

appears similar to bacteria, but different; cells do not contain a nucleus, different cell wall than bacteria; can live in extreme environments (hot springs, geysers, salt flats)

Question 17

Eukarya

Answer 17

cells contain a nucleus, nucleus stores DNA

Question 18

4 kingdoms of Eukarya

Answer 18

1. Plantae
2. Fungi
3. Animalia
4. Protista

Question 19

Plantae

Answer 19

plants (ex: trees and grasses) absorb energy from the sun to create their own food (photosynthesis)

Question 20

Fungi

Answer 20

ex: mushrooms and molds; survive by “eating” other organisms or their remains; absorb the nutrients of other organisms

Question 21

Animalia

Answer 21

survive by eating other organisms or their remains; include a wide range of organisms (from tiny ants to massive whales); include arthropods, fish, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals

Question 22

Protista

Answer 22

all eukaryotic organisms that do not fit into other 3 kingdoms; include many microscopic unicellular organisms (like algae and plankton), as well as giant seaweeds