Biology Flashcards
Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells
Nucleus Mitochondrion Lysosomes Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Apparatus Peroxisomes
Nucleus
Contains all genetic material necessary for replication of the cell
Mitochondrion
Location of many metabolic processes and ATP production
Lysosomes
Membrane bound structures containing hydrolytic enzymes capable of breaking down many different substrates
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Interconnected membranous structure with ribosomes studding the outside
Site for synthesis of proteins destined for insertion into a membrane of secretion
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Interconnected membranous structure where lipid synthesis and detoxification occurs
Golgi Apparatus
Membrane bound sacs where posttranslational modification of proteins occurs
Peroxisomes
Organelle containing hydrogen peroxide
Site of beta oxidation of very long chain fatty acids
Cell Division
G1 S G2 M Mitosis Meiosis
G1
Cell increases its organelles and cytoplasm
S
DNA replication
G2
Same as G1
M
Cell divides in two
Mitosis
PMAT Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Teleophase
Meiosis
PMAT x2
Meiosis I
Two pairs of sister chromatids form tetrads during prophase I
Crossing over leads to genetic recombination in prophase I
Homologous chromosomes separate during metaphase I
Meiosis II
Essentially identical to mitosis but no replication
Occurs during spermatogenesis and oogenesis
Stages of Early Development
Cleavage
Implantation
Gastrulation
Neurulation
Cleavage
Mitotic Divisions
Implantation
Embryo implants during blastula stage
Gastrulation
Ectoderm, Endoderm, Mesoderm form
Neurulation
Germ layers develop a nervous system
Ectoderm
Attract Nervous system Epidermis Lens of eye Inner ear
Endoderm
Lining of digestive tract, lungs, liver and pancreas
Mesoderm
Muscles Skeleton Circulatory system Gonads Kidney
Stages of Osmoregulation
Filtration
Secretion
Reabsorption
Filtration
At the glomerulus
Filtrate passively passes through (fluid and small solutes)
Secretion
Acids, bases, and ions from interstitial fluid to filtrate
Maintains pH, K+ and waste
Passive and Active
Reabsorption
Essential substances and water flow from filtrate to blood
Enabled by osmolarity gradient and selective permeability of the walls
Passive and Active
Aldosterone
Stimulates Na reabsorption K and H secretion, increasing water reabsorption, blood volume, and blood pressure
Secreted from adrenal cortex
Regulated by renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
ADH
Increases collecting ducts permeability to water to increase water reabsorption
Secreted from posterior pituitary with high solute in the blood
Kidneys
Regulate salt and water in the blood
Functional unit is nephron
