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Kaplan MCAT Quick Sheets > BioChemistry > Flashcards

BioChemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What are the structural proteins

A 
Collagen
Elastin
Keratin
Actin
Tubulin
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2
Q

Motor Proteins

A

Capable of force generation through a conformational change. Include myosin, kinesin, and dyenin

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3
Q

Binding Proteins

A

Bind a specific substrate, either to sequester it in the body or hold its concentration at a steady state

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4
Q

Cell Adhesion Molecules

A

Binds cells to other cells or surfaces.

Include cadherins, integrins, and selectins

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5
Q

Antibodies

A

Target a specific antigen (may be a protein on surface of a pathogen or toxin)

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6
Q

Enzyme linked receptors

A

Participate in cell signaling through extracellular ligand bonding and initiation of second messenger cascades

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7
Q

G protein-coupled receptors

A

Have a membrane bound protein associated with a trimeric G protein. Also initiate second messenger systems

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8
Q

Trioses

A

3 carbon sugar

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9
Q

Tetroses

A

4 carbon sugars

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10
Q

Aldoses

A

Sugars with aldehydes as their most oxidized group

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11
Q

Ketoses

A

Sugars with ketones as their most oxidized group

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12
Q

D-Sugars

A

Sugars with the highest numbered chiral carbon with the -OH group on the right

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13
Q

L-Sugars

A

Sugars with the highest numbered chiral carbon with the -OH group on the left

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14
Q

Enantiomers

A

D and L forms of the same sugar

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15
Q

Diastereomers

A

Differ at at least one but not all chiral carbons

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16
Q

Epimers

A

Differ at exactly one chiral carbon

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17
Q

Anomers

A

A subtype of epimers that differ at the anomeric carbon

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18
Q

Anomeric Carbon

A

The new chiral center formed in ring closure; the carbon containing the carbonyl in the straight chain form

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19
Q

Alpha Anomers

A

Have the -OH on the anomeric carbon trans to the free CH2OH group

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20
Q

Beta Anomers

A

Have the -OH on the anomeric carbons cis to the free CH2OH group

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21
Q

Glycoside formation

A

Basis for building complex carbohydrates and requires the anomeric carbon to link to another sugar

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22
Q

Deoxy sugars

A

Sugars with an -H replacing an -OH group

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23
Q

Cellulose

A

Main structural component of plant cell walls, main source of fiber in human diet

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24
Q

Starches

A

Main energy storage forms for plants

amylose and amylopectin

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25
Q

Glycogen

A

Major energy storage form for animals

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26
Q

Nucleotides

A

Contain 5 carbon sugar bonded to nitrogenous base

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27
Q

Nucleotides in DNA

A

Contain deoxyribose

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28
Q

Nucleotides in RNA

A

Contain ribose

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29
Q

Types of nucleotides (5)

A 
Adenine (A)
Cytosine (C)
Guanine (G)
Thymine (T)
Uracil (U)
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30
Q

Watson Crick Model

A

DNA backbone is composed of alternating sugar and phosphate groups

Read 5’ to 3’

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31
Q

Watson Crick Model

A

Two strands with antiparallel polarity, wound into double helix

Purines pair with pyrimidines

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32
Q

Purines

A

A and G

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33
Q

Pyrimidines

A

U, T, C

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34
Q

Chargaff’s Rules

A

Purines and Pyrimidines are equal in number in a DNA molecule.
A=T
G=C

35
Q

DNA Replication

Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes (Nuclei)

A 
Prokaryotic Cells: 
One per chromosome
Helicase
Single stranded DNA binding protein
Primase
DNA polymerase 3
DNA polymerase 1 (replacement of RNA with DNA)
DNA Ligase (joining of okazaki fragments)
DNA topoisomerases
Eukaryotic Cells:
Multiple per chromasome
Helicase
Single stranded DNA binding protein
Primase
DNA polymerase 
RNase 
DNA polymerase
DNA ligase
DNA topoisomerase
Telomerase
36
Q

DNA polymerase

A

Synthesizes new DNA strands, reading the template DNA 3’ to 5’ and synthesizing the strand to 5’ to 3’

37
Q

Leading Strand

A

Requires only one primer and can the be synthesized continuously

38
Q

Lagging Strand

A

Requires many primers and is synthesized in discrete fragments called okazaki fragments

39
Q

Recombinant DNA

A

DNA composed of nucleotides from 2 different sources

40
Q

DNA Cloning

A

Introduces a fragment of DNA into vector plasmid. A restriction enzyme cuts both the plasmid and fragment leaving both with sticky ends which can bind

41
Q

Hybridization

A

Joining of complementary base pair sequences

42
Q

Polymer Chain Reaction (PCR)

A

An automated process by which millions of copies of DNA sequence can be created from a very small sample by hybridization

43
Q

Southern blotting

A

Can be used to detect the presence and quantity of various DNA strands in a sample

44
Q

Central Dogma

A

DNA>RNA>Proteins

45
Q

Initiation Code

A

AUG

46
Q

Termination Codes

A

UAA, UGA, UAG

47
Q

Redundancy and Wobble

A

Allow mutations to occur without affecting the protein

48
Q

Silent Mutations

A

No effect on protein synthesis

49
Q

Nonsense Mutations

A

Produce a premature stop codon

50
Q

Missense Mutations

A

Produce a codon that codes for a different amino acid

51
Q

Frameshift Mutations

A

Result from nucleotide addition or deletion and change the reading frame of subsequent codons

52
Q

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

Carries the message from DNA in nucleus via transcription of the gene, travels into cytoplasm to be translated

53
Q

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

Brings in amino acids; recognizes the codon on the mRNA using its anticodon

54
Q

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

A

Makes up much of the ribosome, enzymatically active

55
Q

Steps of Transcription

A

1) Helicase and topoisomerase unwind DNA double helix
2) RNA polymerase 2 binds to TATA box within promoter region of a gene
3) HnRNA synthesized from DNA template (antisense) strand

56
Q

Post-transcriptional Modifications

A

1) 7-methylguanylate triphospahe cap added to 5’ end
2) Polyadenosyl (poly-A) tail added to 3’ end
3) Splicing done by spliceosome; introns removed exons ligated together

57
Q

Translation

A

Occurs at ribosome

3 stages: initiation, elongation, termination

58
Q

Post-translational Modifications

A

Folding by chaperones
Formation of quaternary structure
Cleavage of proteins or signal sequences
Covalent addition of other biomolecules

59
Q

Operons

A

Inducible or repressible clusters of genes transcribed as a single mRNA

60
Q

Transcription Factors

A

Search for promoter and enhancer regions in the DNA

61
Q

Promoters

A

Within 25 base pairs of the transcription start site

62
Q

Enhancers

A

More than 25 base pairs away from transcription start site

63
Q

Osmotic Pressure

A

The pressure applied to a pure solvent to prevent osmosis and is related to concentration of the solution

64
Q

Osmotic Pressure equation

A

II=iMRT

65
Q

Passive Transport

A

Does not require ATP bc molecule is moving down concentration gradient.

Or from area of higher concentration to lower concentration

66
Q

Types of Passive Transport

A

Osmosis
Simple Diffusion
Facilitated Diffusion

67
Q

Simple Diffusion

A

Does not require transporter

Small nonpolar molecules move from an area of high concentration to low concentration until equilibrium is reached

68
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

69
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

Uses transport proteins to move impermeable solutes across the cell membrane

70
Q

Active Transport

A

Requires energy (ATP) or existing favorable ion gradient

71
Q

Endocytosis & Exocytosis

A

Methods of engulfing material into cells or releasing material to the exterior of cells. Both via cell membrane

72
Q

Pinocytosis

A

The ingestion of liquid into the cell from vesicles and formed from the cell membrane

73
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Ingestion of solid material

74
Q

Glycolysis

A

Occurs in the cytoplasm of all cells
Doesn’t require oxygen
Yields 2 ATP per glucose

75
Q

Glucokinase

A

Important enzyme of glycolysis

Present in pancreatic Beta-islet cells as part of the glucose sensor and is responsive to insulin in the liver

76
Q

Hexokinase

A

Important enzyme of glycolysis

Traps glucose

77
Q

Phosphofructokinase 1 (PFK-1)

A

PFK-1

Rate limiting step

78
Q

Phosphofructokinase 2 (PFK-2)

A

Produces F2, 6-BP, which activates PFK-1

79
Q

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

A

Produces NADH

80
Q

3-phosphoglycerate Kinase and Pyruvate Kinase

A

Perform substrate level phosphorylation

81
Q

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase

A

Converts pyruvate to acetyl-CoA

Stimulated by insulin and inhibited y acetyl-CoA

82
Q

Citric Acid Cycle AKA krebs Cycle

A

Takes place in mitochondrial matrix

Purpose to oxidize acetyl-CoA to CO2 and generate high energy electron carriers (NADH & FADH2) and GTP

83
Q

Krebs Cycle nmemonic

A

Citrate is krebs special substrate for making oxaloacetate

Citrate 
Iscitrate
Alpha Ketoglutarate
succinyl-CoA
succinate
Fumarate
malate
oxaloacetate

Kaplan MCAT Quick Sheets (9 decks)

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