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Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What is an Eukaryotes cell?

A

A cell with a complex internal organization (contains a nucleus and other organelles) and can form multi and single celled organisms

Example: Tree (Multicellular) and Amoeba (Single cellular)

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2
Q

What is a Prokaryotes cell?

A

A cell with a simple internal organization (Doesn’t contain a nucleus or other organelles)

Example: Ecoli

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3
Q

What is an Organelle?

A

A part of a cell that has a specific function

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4
Q

What are the 7 organelles that are in both plant and animal cells?

A

1) Cell Membrane
2) Nucleus
3) Mitochondria
4) Endoplasmic Reticulum
5) Ribosomes
6) Golgi Bodies/ Apparatus
7) Cytoplasm

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5
Q

What are the 3 organelles found ONLY in plant cells?

A

1) Chloroplasts
2) Cell Wall
3) Vacuole

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6
Q

What are the 3 purposes of cell division?

A

1) Reproduction
2) Growth
3) Damage Repair

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7
Q

What are the 2 basic kinds of reproduction?

A

1) Asexual Reproduction
2) Sexual Reproduction

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8
Q

What is Asexual Reproduction?

A

A type of reproduction that only involves one parent and it’s offspring are exact genetic copies of their parent

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9
Q

What is Sexual Reproduction?

A

A type of reproduction that involves two parents and their offspring inherits genetics from both. Each parent contributes one “Gamete”

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10
Q

What is a Gamete?

A

A half cell that contains half of the DNA of a regular cell (humans 23 chromosomes from each parent = 46)

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11
Q

As organisms grow the number of cells increases but the size of the cells do not, why?

A

For a cell to work properly chemicals, water and waste have to travel quickly through and out of the cell

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12
Q

What is Diffusion?

A

A transportation method for moving chemicals from an area of high to low concentration

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13
Q

What is Osmosis?

A

A transportation method for moving fluids (usually water) from an area of low to high concentration

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14
Q

What are the 4 stages of Mitosis?

A

1) Prophase
2) Metaphase
3) Anaphase
4) Telophase

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15
Q

What happens during Prophase? (pro-before)

A
  • Chromosomes condense and are visible under a microscope
  • nuclear membrane dissolves (around the nucleous)
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16
Q

What happens during Metaphase? (meta- mid)

A
  • chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
  • spindle fibers stretch from centrosomes to centromeres
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17
Q

What happens during Anaphase? (ana- back)

A
  • chromosome pairs split and move to opposite sides of the cell
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18
Q

What happens during Telophase? (telos-end)

A
  • spindle fibers disappear
  • membrane around the nucleaus in each daughter cells forms
  • chromosomes become invisible again
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19
Q

What happens during Interphase?

A

90% of the time the cell is in this stage.

G1-Cell performs its function and grows

S- DNA is copied while cell performs its function

G2 - cell grows while performaing its function

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20
Q

What is the order that the cell cycle happens in?

A

I,PMAT C

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21
Q

What is Cytokinesis?

A

The final stage of cell division where the cytoplasm divides and 2 new daughter cells are formed.

Plant Cells: A plate is formed into a new cell wall

Animal Cells: The cell membrane is pinched off at the centre

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22
Q

What are the 3 stages of Division?

A

1) Interphase
2) Mitosis
3) Cytokinesis

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23
Q

The organ system used to pump blood is called…

A

The Cardiovascular System

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24
Q

The organ system used for breathing is called…

A

The Respiratory System

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25
Q

The organ system where the brain is used is called…

A

The Nervous System

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26
Q

What are Stem Cells?

A

A type of cell that can be specialized into any type of cell

  • Embryonic stem cells (totipotent) can become any cell
  • adult stem cells can only become a specific kind of cells
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27
Q

What is Cancer?

A

a group of cells that grow and divide out of control.

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28
Q

Which phase of the cell cycle does cancer affect the most?

A

Interphase

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29
Q

What are the 2 causes of cancer?

A

1) Hereditary Factors
2) Environmental Factors

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30
Q

Tumour

A

A mass of cells that continue to grow and divide without any obvious function in the body

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31
Q

Benign Tumour

A

A tumour that doesn’t affect surrounding tissues

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32
Q

Malignant Tumour

A

A tumour that interferes with the functioning of surrounding cells; A cancerous tumour

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33
Q

What is the process of Metastasis?

A

When cancer cells break away from the original tumour and settle in a new location where a new tumour forms

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34
Q

Mutations

A
  • A random change in DNA sequence (not all mutations are dangerous)
  • Some mutations can cause a genetic disorder
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35
Q

What are the 3 possibilities of cells that undergo mutations?

A

1) The cell dies
2) Cell lives and continues to grow and divide
3) Cells may become cancerous

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36
Q

Carcinogen

A

Any environmental factor that causes Cancer

Example: Tobacco Smoke, Radiation (Sunlight), and Viruses ( HPV)

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37
Q

What is the largest organ in your body?

A

The skin

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38
Q

Why is Lung Cancer particularly bad?

A

It is resistant to treatment

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39
Q

What are the 5 imaging technologies?

A

1) Endoscopy
2) X-Ray
3) Ultra Sound
4) CT/ CAT Scanning
5) MRI

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40
Q

What are the 4 types of tissue in humans?

A

1) Epithelial
2) Connective
3) Muscle
4) Nervous

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41
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A
  • covering for organs and lining of most internal organs
  • responsible for protection, secretion, absorbtion and filtration
  • e.g. skin and linign of intestine
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42
Q

Connective Tissue

A
  • strengthens, supports, protects, binds, or connects cells and tissues
  • Bone, fat, blood, tendons and ligaments
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43
Q

Muscle Tissue

A
  • skeletal (voluntary -movement)
  • Smooth (involuntary- blood vessels and organs)
  • Cardiac (heart)
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44
Q

What are the 3 types of stem cells?

A

1) Adult Stem Cells
2) Umbilical Cord Stem Cells
3) Embryonic Stem Cells (

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45
Q

Embryonic Stem Cells

A

A type of stem cell that can become any tissue in the body

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46
Q

Adult Stem Cells

A

A type of stem cell that can self renew

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47
Q

Umbilical Cord Stem Cells

A

A type of stem cell that can be used to generate blood cells and cells of the immune system

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48
Q

Cellular Differentiation

A

The process where a cell becomes specialized to perform a specific task

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49
Q

Absorption

A

When particles are taken into cells

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50
Q

Passive Transport

A

When cells do not use energy to move substances across a membrane going with the flow of diffusion

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51
Q

Ingestion

A

When organisms take in food and nutrients into the body

52
Q

Digestion

A

When food is broken down small enough to be used by cells (mechanical and chemical)

53
Q

Peristasis

A

Wave-like contractions of muscle that move food through our digestive tract

54
Q

What are the 3 points in the cell theory?

A

1) All living things are made up of cells
2) Cells are the simplest unit that can carry out life processes
3) All cells come from previous cells

55
Q

What are the 5 parts of the digestive system?

A

1) Mouth
2) Esophagus
3) Stomach
4) Small/ Large Intestine
5) Accessory Organs

56
Q

What are the 2 Accessory Organs?

A

1) Pancreas
2) Liver

57
Q

What is the contracting and relaxing action in the esophagus called?

A

Peristalsis

58
Q

Which organ produces Bile?

A

The Liver

59
Q

Which organ is linked to Diabetes? What causes it? What are the side affects?

A

The Pancreas

When the pancreas produces too much insulin

Dizziness due to high/ low glucose levels

60
Q

Which organ is linked to Colitis? What causes it? What are the side affects? How is it diagnosed?

A

The Colon

The lining of the colon becomes inflamed

Viruses and bacteria, narrow blood vessels and the failure of the bodies disease fighting mechanisms

An Endoscope and samples

61
Q

What are the 6 body systems?

A

1) Skeletal
2) Cardiovascular
3) Muscular
4) Digestive
5) Nervous
6) Respiratory

62
Q

What does the circulatory system do?

A

Carries the nutrients in blood around the body , carries away wastes (Carbon Dioxide) and regulates body temperature.

63
Q

In order from largest to smallest; What are the 3 types of vessels?

A

1) Arteries
2) Veins
3) Capillaries

64
Q

What type of tissue is blood?

A

Connective tissue

65
Q

What are the 3 benefits of an organ transplant?

A

1) Knowing they saved a life
2) Both recipient and donor benefit
3) Recipient can live a normal healthy life

66
Q

What are the 3 types of organ donations?

A

1) Living
2) Deceased
3) Xenotransplanation

67
Q

What are the 3 risks of an organ transplant?

A

1) Rejection
2) A new organ could damage the immune system
3) Have to take drugs to prevent the immune system from rejecting the new tissue or organ

68
Q

What 3 organs can be donated by a living donor?

A

1) Kidney
2) Lung Lobe
3) Part of the liver

69
Q

What is the advantage to a liver donation?

A

It has the ability to regrow (liver OR can live with one kidney)

70
Q

Who are the people that usually become a living donor?

A

The relatives of the recipient OR people who registered OR people whose life cannot be saved (brain trauma) and a permission is given to harvest their organs

71
Q

What are potential risks to a living donor?

A

Pain in the area, infection after the surgery, complications from surgery, blood loss.

72
Q

Xenotransplantation

A

An organ transplant from one species to another

Example: Pig to Human

73
Q

Nervous System

A

The organ system made up of the brain, spinal cord and the peripheral nerves

74
Q

Central Nervous System

A

The part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and the spinal cord

75
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

The part of the nervous system that consists of the the nerves that connect the body to the central nervous system

76
Q

What are the 2 functions of the peripheral nervous system?

A

1) To relay information about internal and external environments to the brain
2) To relay instructions from the brain to other parts of the body

77
Q

What are the 3 groups of nerves in the peripheral nervous system?

A

1) Nerves controlling voluntary muscles
2) Nerves carrying information from sensory organs
3) Nerves regulating involuntary actions such as breathing

78
Q

What is brain tissue made of?

A

Neurons

79
Q

Sensory Receptors

A

Special tissues that receive information from our external environment and send signas to our peripheral nerves to our central nervous system

80
Q

What is the function of a Sensory Receptor?

A

To send information to the brain

81
Q

What is the function of the Spinal Cord?

A

To act as a short cut for reflexes

82
Q

What are 2 nervous diseases? What are they caused by?

A

1) Multiple Sclerosis; A malfunction of the immune system and the myelin sheath is destroyed
2) Physical Trauma; Damage in the brain from sports etc.

83
Q

What are the 3 types of connective tissue?

A

1) Bones
2) Ligaments
3) Cartilage

84
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

A

1) Skeletal
2) Smooth
3) Cardiac

85
Q

What is the function of the Respiratory System?

A

Works with the circulatory system, exchanging gases between air and blood

86
Q

What are the 5 components of the Respiratory System in order?

A

1) Nasal Cavity or Mouth
2) Pharynx (Throat)
3) Tranchea (Windpipe)
4) Bronchi
5) Aveoli

87
Q

Where is the site of gas exchange?

A

Alveoli

88
Q

What is the name of the windpipe?

A

Tranchea

89
Q

What is the name of the throat?

A

Pharynx

90
Q

Respiration

A

The processes that supplies oxygen to cells and where wastes are transported to the lungs for exhalation

91
Q

Breathing

A

The movement of gases from the external environment to where they can enter the blood stream OR leave the body

92
Q

What are the 2 diseases of the respiratory system? What are they caused by?

A

1) Tuberculosis; Bacterial growth in the lungs
2) Pneumonia; Inflammation of the lungs can be caused by bacteria, virus or fungi
3) asthma - inflammaroty reaction to an alleregen

93
Q

What are the upper chambers of the heart?

A

Atriums

94
Q

What do we call a stem cell that takes on a specific function?

A

Differentiation

95
Q

What condition is caused when a person is not drinking enough water during the day? (Digestive System)

A

Constipation

96
Q

What are the 2 types of tumours?

A

1) Benign
2) Malignant

97
Q

What is the function of cartilage?

A

Prevents friction

98
Q

What blocks the trachea? Prevents the food and water from going into your lungs.

A

Epiglottis

99
Q

What are the 5 types of animal cells?

A

1) Muscle
2) Red Blood Cells
3) Skin
4) Bones
5) White Blood Cells

100
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

De-oxy-ribo-nucleic Acid

(A gene is a section of a DNA)

101
Q

What are the 3 components of the circulatory System?

A

1) Blood
2) Heart
3) Blood Vessels

102
Q

How does the heart pump blood around the body?

A

All of the cardiac tissue contracts at the same time pushing around the blood

103
Q

What are the 9 levels of biological organization?

A

1) Cell
2) Tissue
3) Organ
4) Organ System
5) Organism
6) Population
7) Community
8) Biome
9) Biosphere

104
Q

Cell

A

The basic structural unit of all living things

105
Q

Tissue

A

Similar cells grouped together with a similar structure and function

106
Q

Organ

A

A group of tissues grouped together to perform a specific function

107
Q

Organ System

A

Several organs grouped together to perform a specific function

108
Q

Organism

A

Several organ systems working together

109
Q

Why does an X-ray represent an increased danger to a fetus?

A

An X-ray gives off radiation which can damage the DNA of a growing fetus and pass down the mutation to the next generation.

110
Q

Why can cancer be passed on genetically?

A

A person with cancer shares half of their DNA with their offspring.

111
Q

Why is it important for the esophagus to be made up of smooth muscle

A

To relax and contract involuntarily (peristasis)

112
Q

What is the job of the heart?

A

To pump nutrients in the blood around our body and to carry away waste (Carbon Dioxide)

113
Q

What is the job of the lungs?

A

To breathe in oxygen from our external environment and breathe out waste

114
Q

What is the process that produces specialized cells?

A

Cellular differentiation

115
Q

What is nerve tissue made of?

A

Neurons

116
Q

What system tells us when to start/stop eating?

A

the nervous system

117
Q

What are the seven characteristics of life?

A

Living things:

  1. are composed of cells
  2. have different levels of organization
  3. use energy
  4. respond to their environment
  5. grow
  6. reproduce
  7. adapt to their environment
118
Q

Why do cells divide in single-celled organisms?

A

method of reproduction (aesexual) to make an identical daughter cell

119
Q

Why do cells divide in a multi-cellular organism?

A

to replace damaged cells, growth, reproduction

120
Q

Cell cycle checkpoints?

A

Proteins determine whether cell division will take place?

121
Q

When will cell division not take place?

A
  1. not enough nutrients to support cell growth
  2. DNA is not replicated
  3. DNA is damaged
122
Q

What are the two main phases of cell cycle?

A

interphase and mitotic phase

123
Q

What is the mitotic phase?

A

Mitosis when the nucleus and DNA divides into two and cytokinesis when the rest of the cell divides into two.

124
Q

Nervous Tissue

A
  • conducts electical signals to and from the rest of the body
  • detects information from environment
  • brain cells are called neurons
125
Q

Transgenic Organism (GMO- genetically modified organisms)

A

organisms whose genetic information has been altered with the insertion of genes from antoher species.

126
Q
A

Anna (8 decks)

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