Biology Flashcards
1
Q
What is an Eukaryotes cell?
A
A cell with a complex internal organization (contains a nucleus and other organelles) and can form multi and single celled organisms
Example: Tree (Multicellular) and Amoeba (Single cellular)
2
Q
What is a Prokaryotes cell?
A
A cell with a simple internal organization (Doesn’t contain a nucleus or other organelles)
Example: Ecoli
3
Q
What is an Organelle?
A
A part of a cell that has a specific function
4
Q
What are the 7 organelles that are in both plant and animal cells?
A
1) Cell Membrane
2) Nucleus
3) Mitochondria
4) Endoplasmic Reticulum
5) Ribosomes
6) Golgi Bodies/ Apparatus
7) Cytoplasm
5
Q
What are the 3 organelles found ONLY in plant cells?
A
1) Chloroplasts
2) Cell Wall
3) Vacuole
6
Q
What are the 3 purposes of cell division?
A
1) Reproduction
2) Growth
3) Damage Repair
7
Q
What are the 2 basic kinds of reproduction?
A
1) Asexual Reproduction
2) Sexual Reproduction
8
Q
What is Asexual Reproduction?
A
A type of reproduction that only involves one parent and it’s offspring are exact genetic copies of their parent
9
Q
What is Sexual Reproduction?
A
A type of reproduction that involves two parents and their offspring inherits genetics from both. Each parent contributes one “Gamete”
10
Q
What is a Gamete?
A
A half cell that contains half of the DNA of a regular cell (humans 23 chromosomes from each parent = 46)
11
Q
As organisms grow the number of cells increases but the size of the cells do not, why?
A
For a cell to work properly chemicals, water and waste have to travel quickly through and out of the cell
12
Q
What is Diffusion?
A
A transportation method for moving chemicals from an area of high to low concentration
13
Q
What is Osmosis?
A
A transportation method for moving fluids (usually water) from an area of low to high concentration
14
Q
What are the 4 stages of Mitosis?
A
1) Prophase
2) Metaphase
3) Anaphase
4) Telophase
15
Q
What happens during Prophase? (pro-before)
A
- Chromosomes condense and are visible under a microscope
- nuclear membrane dissolves (around the nucleous)
16
Q
What happens during Metaphase? (meta- mid)
A
- chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
- spindle fibers stretch from centrosomes to centromeres
17
Q
What happens during Anaphase? (ana- back)
A
- chromosome pairs split and move to opposite sides of the cell
18
Q
What happens during Telophase? (telos-end)
A
- spindle fibers disappear
- membrane around the nucleaus in each daughter cells forms
- chromosomes become invisible again
19
Q
What happens during Interphase?
A
90% of the time the cell is in this stage.
G1-Cell performs its function and grows
S- DNA is copied while cell performs its function
G2 - cell grows while performaing its function
20
Q
What is the order that the cell cycle happens in?
A
I,PMAT C
21
Q
What is Cytokinesis?
A
The final stage of cell division where the cytoplasm divides and 2 new daughter cells are formed.
Plant Cells: A plate is formed into a new cell wall
Animal Cells: The cell membrane is pinched off at the centre
22
Q
What are the 3 stages of Division?
A
1) Interphase
2) Mitosis
3) Cytokinesis
23
Q
The organ system used to pump blood is called…
A
The Cardiovascular System
24
Q
The organ system used for breathing is called…
A
The Respiratory System
25
The organ system where the brain is used is called...
The Nervous System
26
What are *Stem Cells*?
A type of cell that can be specialized into any type of cell
* Embryonic stem cells (totipotent) can become any cell
* adult stem cells can only become a specific kind of cells
27
What is *Cancer*?
a group of cells that grow and divide out of control.
28
Which phase of the cell cycle does cancer affect the most?
Interphase
29
What are the 2 causes of cancer?
1) Hereditary Factors
2) Environmental Factors
30
Tumour
A mass of cells that continue to grow and divide without any obvious function in the body
31
Benign Tumour
A tumour that doesn't affect surrounding tissues
32
Malignant Tumour
A tumour that interferes with the functioning of surrounding cells; A cancerous tumour
33
What is the process of *Metastasis*?
When cancer cells break away from the original tumour and settle in a new location where a new tumour forms
34
Mutations
* A random change in DNA sequence (not all mutations are dangerous)
* Some mutations can cause a genetic disorder
35
What are the 3 possibilities of cells that undergo mutations?
1) The cell dies
2) Cell lives and continues to grow and divide
3) Cells may become cancerous
36
Carcinogen
Any environmental factor that causes Cancer
Example: Tobacco Smoke, Radiation (Sunlight), and Viruses ( HPV)
37
What is the largest organ in your body?
The skin
38
Why is Lung Cancer particularly bad?
It is resistant to treatment
39
What are the 5 imaging technologies?
1) Endoscopy
2) X-Ray
3) Ultra Sound
4) CT/ CAT Scanning
5) MRI
40
What are the 4 types of tissue in humans?
1) Epithelial
2) Connective
3) Muscle
4) Nervous
41
Epithelial Tissue
* covering for organs and lining of most internal organs
* responsible for protection, secretion, absorbtion and filtration
* e.g. skin and linign of intestine
42
Connective Tissue
* strengthens, supports, protects, binds, or connects cells and tissues
* Bone, fat, blood, tendons and ligaments
43
Muscle Tissue
* skeletal (voluntary -movement)
* Smooth (involuntary- blood vessels and organs)
* Cardiac (heart)
44
What are the 3 types of stem cells?
1) Adult Stem Cells
2) Umbilical Cord Stem Cells
3) Embryonic Stem Cells (
45
Embryonic Stem Cells
A type of stem cell that can become any tissue in the body
46
Adult Stem Cells
A type of stem cell that can self renew
47
Umbilical Cord Stem Cells
A type of stem cell that can be used to generate blood cells and cells of the immune system
48
Cellular Differentiation
The process where a cell becomes specialized to perform a specific task
49
Absorption
When particles are taken into cells
50
Passive Transport
When cells do not use energy to move substances across a membrane going with the flow of diffusion
51
Ingestion
When organisms take in food and nutrients into the body
52
Digestion
When food is broken down small enough to be used by cells (mechanical and chemical)
53
Peristasis
Wave-like contractions of muscle that move food through our digestive tract
54
What are the 3 points in the cell theory?
1) All living things are made up of cells
2) Cells are the simplest unit that can carry out life processes
3) All cells come from previous cells
55
What are the 5 parts of the digestive system?
1) Mouth
2) Esophagus
3) Stomach
4) Small/ Large Intestine
5) Accessory Organs
56
What are the 2 *Accessory Organs*?
1) Pancreas
2) Liver
57
What is the contracting and relaxing action in the esophagus called?
Peristalsis
58
Which organ produces *Bile*?
The Liver
59
Which organ is linked to Diabetes? What causes it? What are the side affects?
The Pancreas
When the pancreas produces too much insulin
Dizziness due to high/ low glucose levels
60
Which organ is linked to Colitis? What causes it? What are the side affects? How is it diagnosed?
The Colon
The lining of the colon becomes inflamed
Viruses and bacteria, narrow blood vessels and the failure of the bodies disease fighting mechanisms
An Endoscope and samples
61
What are the 6 body systems?
1) Skeletal
2) Cardiovascular
3) Muscular
4) Digestive
5) Nervous
6) Respiratory
62
What does the circulatory system do?
Carries the nutrients in blood around the body , carries away wastes (Carbon Dioxide) and regulates body temperature.
63
In order from largest to smallest; What are the 3 types of vessels?
1) Arteries
2) Veins
3) Capillaries
64
What type of tissue is blood?
Connective tissue
65
What are the 3 benefits of an organ transplant?
1) Knowing they saved a life
2) Both recipient and donor benefit
3) Recipient can live a normal healthy life
66
What are the 3 types of organ donations?
1) Living
2) Deceased
3) Xenotransplanation
67
What are the 3 risks of an organ transplant?
1) Rejection
2) A new organ could damage the immune system
3) Have to take drugs to prevent the immune system from rejecting the new tissue or organ
68
What 3 organs can be donated by a living donor?
1) Kidney
2) Lung Lobe
3) Part of the liver
69
What is the advantage to a liver donation?
It has the ability to regrow (liver OR can live with one kidney)
70
Who are the people that usually become a living donor?
The relatives of the recipient OR people who registered OR people whose life cannot be saved (brain trauma) and a permission is given to harvest their organs
71
What are potential risks to a living donor?
Pain in the area, infection after the surgery, complications from surgery, blood loss.
72
Xenotransplantation
An organ transplant from one species to another
Example: Pig to Human
73
Nervous System
The organ system made up of the brain, spinal cord and the peripheral nerves
74
Central Nervous System
The part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and the spinal cord
75
Peripheral Nervous System
The part of the nervous system that consists of the the nerves that connect the body to the central nervous system
76
What are the 2 functions of the peripheral nervous system?
1) To relay information about internal and external environments to the brain
2) To relay instructions from the brain to other parts of the body
77
What are the 3 groups of nerves in the peripheral nervous system?
1) Nerves controlling voluntary muscles
2) Nerves carrying information from sensory organs
3) Nerves regulating involuntary actions such as breathing
78
What is brain tissue made of?
Neurons
79
Sensory Receptors
Special tissues that receive information from our external environment and send signas to our peripheral nerves to our central nervous system
80
What is the function of a *Sensory Receptor*?
To send information to the brain
81
What is the function of the *Spinal Cord*?
To act as a short cut for reflexes
82
What are 2 nervous diseases? What are they caused by?
1) Multiple Sclerosis; A malfunction of the immune system and the myelin sheath is destroyed
2) Physical Trauma; Damage in the brain from sports etc.
83
What are the 3 types of connective tissue?
1) Bones
2) Ligaments
3) Cartilage
84
What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?
1) Skeletal
2) Smooth
3) Cardiac
85
What is the function of the Respiratory System?
Works with the circulatory system, exchanging gases between air and blood
86
What are the 5 components of the Respiratory System in order?
1) Nasal Cavity or Mouth
2) Pharynx (Throat)
3) Tranchea (Windpipe)
4) Bronchi
5) Aveoli
87
Where is the site of gas exchange?
Alveoli
88
What is the name of the windpipe?
Tranchea
89
What is the name of the throat?
Pharynx
90
Respiration
The processes that supplies oxygen to cells and where wastes are transported to the lungs for exhalation
91
Breathing
The movement of gases from the external environment to where they can enter the blood stream OR leave the body
92
What are the 2 diseases of the respiratory system? What are they caused by?
1) Tuberculosis; Bacterial growth in the lungs
2) Pneumonia; Inflammation of the lungs can be caused by bacteria, virus or fungi
3) asthma - inflammaroty reaction to an alleregen
93
What are the upper chambers of the heart?
Atriums
94
What do we call a stem cell that takes on a specific function?
Differentiation
95
What condition is caused when a person is not drinking enough water during the day? (Digestive System)
Constipation
96
What are the 2 types of tumours?
1) Benign
2) Malignant
97
What is the function of cartilage?
Prevents friction
98
What blocks the trachea? Prevents the food and water from going into your lungs.
Epiglottis
99
What are the 5 types of animal cells?
1) Muscle
2) Red Blood Cells
3) Skin
4) Bones
5) White Blood Cells
100
What does DNA stand for?
De-oxy-ribo-nucleic Acid
| (A gene is a section of a DNA)
101
What are the 3 components of the circulatory System?
1) Blood
2) Heart
3) Blood Vessels
102
How does the heart pump blood around the body?
All of the cardiac tissue contracts at the same time pushing around the blood
103
What are the 9 levels of biological organization?
1) Cell
2) Tissue
3) Organ
4) Organ System
5) Organism
6) Population
7) Community
8) Biome
9) Biosphere
104
Cell
The basic structural unit of all living things
105
Tissue
Similar cells grouped together with a similar structure and function
106
Organ
A group of tissues grouped together to perform a specific function
107
Organ System
Several organs grouped together to perform a specific function
108
Organism
Several organ systems working together
109
Why does an X-ray represent an increased danger to a fetus?
An X-ray gives off radiation which can damage the DNA of a growing fetus and pass down the mutation to the next generation.
110
Why can cancer be passed on genetically?
A person with cancer shares half of their DNA with their offspring.
111
Why is it important for the esophagus to be made up of smooth muscle
To relax and contract involuntarily (peristasis)
112
What is the job of the heart?
To pump nutrients in the blood around our body and to carry away waste (Carbon Dioxide)
113
What is the job of the lungs?
To breathe in oxygen from our external environment and breathe out waste
114
What is the process that produces specialized cells?
Cellular differentiation
115
What is nerve tissue made of?
Neurons
116
What system tells us when to start/stop eating?
the nervous system
117
What are the seven characteristics of life?
Living things:
1. are composed of cells
2. have different levels of organization
3. use energy
4. respond to their environment
5. grow
6. reproduce
7. adapt to their environment
118
Why do cells divide in single-celled organisms?
method of reproduction (aesexual) to make an identical daughter cell
119
Why do cells divide in a multi-cellular organism?
to replace damaged cells, growth, reproduction
120
Cell cycle checkpoints?
Proteins determine whether cell division will take place?
121
When will cell division not take place?
1. not enough nutrients to support cell growth
2. DNA is not replicated
3. DNA is damaged
122
What are the two main phases of cell cycle?
interphase and mitotic phase
123
What is the mitotic phase?
Mitosis when the nucleus and DNA divides into two and cytokinesis when the rest of the cell divides into two.
124
Nervous Tissue
* conducts electical signals to and from the rest of the body
* detects information from environment
* brain cells are called neurons
125
Transgenic Organism (GMO- genetically modified organisms)
organisms whose genetic information has been altered with the insertion of genes from antoher species.
126
