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9- Science > Biology > Flashcards

Biology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

4 main components of blood:

A

Red Blood cells- To carry oxygen-rich blood from the long to the cells of the body’s tissues’.
White blood cells- there are two types of white blood cells:
1. phagocytes- kills microorganisms if they get into the blood.
2. Lymphocytes- produces chemicals called anti-bodies. they either kill or cause the microorganisms to clump together.
Platelets- they help the blood to clot at wounds; they seal and clot the wound.
Plasma- involved in transporting digested foods. Involved in transporting carbon dioxide.

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2
Q

Describe the features of a red blood cell which aids it transportation of oxygen.

A

Oxygen binds to the red blood cells in the lungs, they are transported to the heart which then pumps it to the rest of the bodies cells and organs.

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3
Q

List 3 main types of blood vessels and their role:

A
  1. Arteries- they carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the tissues.
  2. Veins- they carry de-oxygenated blood back to the heart from the tissues.
  3. Capillaries- location for the exchange of gas and nutrients.
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4
Q

What does our blood flow through?

A

Blood Vessels

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5
Q

What are arteries and what do they do?

A

They are Blood Vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart towards the body’s organs (except for pulmonary artery which carries which carries blood to the lungs for oxygenation).

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6
Q

What structural features do arteries have to withstand high pressures?

A

They have thick elastic walls and a smaller lumen.

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7
Q

What occurs at the capillaries?

A

The exchange of gas and nutrients.

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8
Q

What are endothelial cells?

A

Thin flattened cells which line the inner wall of the blood vessels.

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9
Q

Three chemical substances transported by the plasma:

A
  1. Amino acids
  2. Cholesterol
  3. Enzymes
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10
Q

Why do veins need valves but arteries do not?

A

To prevent the back flow of blood.

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11
Q

List three reason on why we need blood circulation:

A
  1. To move glucose and other nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones and urea to and from the cells.
  2. Help fight disease.
  3. Help stabilize body temperature
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12
Q

What is the function of the Coronary Artery?

A

The coronary artery takes oxygenated blood to the heart muscle. The heart muscle uses the oxygen to release energy ( for aerobic respiration).

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13
Q

What is the function of the Coronary Vein?

A

The coronary vein takes de-oxygenated blood from the heart muscle back to the lungs.

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14
Q

Why does the left side of the heart need more power?

A

The left side needs more power because it pumps blood around the entire body whereas the right side only pumps blood a short distance to the lungs. This is why there is a bigger muscle on the left.

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15
Q

What is the name of the chambers at the top of the heart?

A

Atrium

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16
Q

What is the name of the chambers at the bottom of the heart?

A

Ventricle

17
Q

How does oxygenated blood travel through the heart?

A

Lung>Pulmonary Vein>Left Atrium>Left ventricle>Aorta>Body’s Cells>Vena Cava>Right Atrium>Right ventricle>Pulmonary Artery, … and back to the Lungs.

18
Q

List 6 main blood vessels and their functions:

A
  1. Coronary Artery- supplies oxygenated blood to the heart muscle.
  2. Coronary Vein- takes de-oxygenated blood away from the heart muscle.
  3. Pulmonary Artery- It carries de-oxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.
  4. Pulmonary Vein- It carries oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the heart (Left Atrium).
  5. Aorta- carries oxygen-rich blood away from the heart
    to the rest of your body.
  6. Vena Cava- It carries de-oxygenated blood back to the heart.
19
Q

What is CHD?

A

Coronary Heart disease (CHD) is a disease of the arteries supplying the heart (Coronary Arteries). The major cause of CHD is atherosclerosis: a thickening of arteries caused by a build-up of fatty plaque on the inside walls. Atherosclerosis can eventually lead to a reduced blood supply to tissues, with potentially fatal consequences.

20
Q

Describe CHD

A

Coronary arteries carry blood to the heart muscle. Cholesterol sticks to the walls of the artery, preventing the flow of blood. This can use the blood to clot and block the vessel. This blockage is known as the thrombosis. These blockages mean that there is reduced flow of oxygen to the heart muscle, this can lead to chest pain, heart attack or even death.

21
Q

Why doe the muscle in the heart need oxygen?

A

Oxygen is needed for respiration for energy to contract.

22
Q

Which other substance from the heart does the muscle tissue require?

A

Nutrients/Glucose

23
Q

What affect does a potentially blocked coronary artery have on the heart compared to a fully blocked artery?

A

Can lead to chest pain and eventually a heart attack.

24
Q

What is the main type of tissue in the heart wall?

A

Cardiac Muscle

25
Q

The Circulatory System contains arteries and veins.

Describe how the structure of an artery is different from the structure of a vein.

A

Veins have thinner walls. Arteries have no valves but veins do to prevent the back flow of blood.

26
Q

A comparison is made between blood taken from an artery in the leg and blood taken from a vein in the leg.
Give two differences in the composition of the blood.

A
  1. Arteries have more oxygen (less lactic acid)

2. Veins will have more carbon dioxide (more glucose).

27
Q

Describe the effect a blocked Coronary Artery can have on the human body.

A

A blocked Coronary Artery means that there is less oxygen and glucose going to the heart therefore the muscle cells cannot carry out respiration and have no energy to contract. This can lead to the muscles cells dying and the person might have a heart attack.

28
Q

Describe the Three types of treatments that can be used on people with coronary heart disease.

A
  1. Statin- this is a very common drug for over 50’s to take, it reduced blood cholesterol levels and slows down the rate at which fatty deposits build up in the coronary arteries.
  2. By Pass Surgery- doctors can replace narrow or blocked coronary arteries with bits of vein from other parts of the body. This works well for badly blocked arteries, the surgery is expensive and involved the risk associated with general an aesthetic.
  3. Stents- a stent is a metal mesh that is placed in the blocked or narrow artery, a tiny balloon is used to open the stent and the blood vessel at the same time. The balloon is then removed but the stent remains, keeping the blood vessel open.
29
Q

What are leaky valves?

A

Heart Valves have to withstand a lot of pressure. Overtime they may start to leak or become stiff and not fully open, making the heart less efficient.

30
Q

What are Pace-Makers?

A

The resting rhythm of a healthy heart is around 70 beats a minute. It is controlled by a group of cells which acts as a pacemaker. If the natural Pacemaker stops working properly, it can cause serious problems.

31
Q

Where is the Natural pacemaker located in the heart?

A

Natural Pacemaker is found in the wall of the right atrium.

32
Q

Note the Disadvantages and Advantages of Artificial Pacemaker.

A

Advantages: They only weigh 20 and 50g. It sends strong, regular electrical signals to your heart that stimulate the heart to bear normally. Often sensitive to what your body needs.
Disadvantages: Regular medical check ups throughout your life. Risk of blood clotting and infection during the implant procedure.

33
Q

Note the Disadvantages and Advantages of Artificial Heart.

A

Advantages: Can be used to give diseased heart as rest. This technology does give patients the chance to live a relatively normal life whilst they wait for a transplant.
Disadvantages: Risk of blood clotting in the artificial heart, which can lead to death. Cost of each one means they are not yet widely used.

34
Q

The wall of the heart is made mostly of…

A

Muscular tissue.

35
Q

The resting heart rate is controlled by the pacemaker.

Where is the pacemaker located at?

A

The right atrium.

36
Q

Which chamber of the heart pumps oxygenated blood to the head and body?

A

Left Ventricle.

37
Q

Which chamber of the heart receives de-oxygenated blood from the head and body?

A

Right atrium.

38
Q

Which chamber of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs?

A

Left atrium.

39
Q

The artificial valve could be used to replace valves.
The artificial valve opens to let blood through the the ball is moved towards A.
Which end of valve A or B, should point towards the left ventricle?

A

A because when the Left Atrium contracts the ball is pushed down and the valve is opened. When the left ventricle contracts the blood makes the ball go back up and valve closes preventing the back flow of blood.

9- Science (7 decks)

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