Biology Flashcards
Pathways
Clustering of neuronal bodies, travel together through brain, then make own synapses
I.e. Nigro-striatal pathway
Central nervous system
Brain and spinal cord
Synapse
Gap between neurons
Physical barrier for nerve impulses
Where chemical transmission occurs
Filters info
Brain’s coding techniques
Electrical abs chemical conduction
Serotonin
5HT
Pleasurable outcome
Antidepressants
Acetylcholine
ACH
Dimentia
Neurotransmitter
Chemical housed in vesicle
20-30
Each is associated with discus ousted receptor (lock and key)
Serotonin, dopamine, GABA, noradrenaline
Vesicles
Found in pre-synaptic neuron
Contains neurotransmitter
Autonomic nervous system
System of nerves outside CNS
sends control to glands and smooth muscles of internal organs and blood vessels
2 parts
- Sympathetic branch
- tends to rev up bodily activities in prep for vigorous action - Parasympathetic branch
- tends to restore body’s internal activities to normal after action complete
Motor output
Brain’s connections to muscles
Fight or flight
Intense sympathetic arousal serves as an emergency reaction that mobilizes organism for crisis
Today, chronic stressors keep us physiologically armed for situations we can’t control
Localization of function
Tasks of identifying the time of each brain area
Vasoconstriction
Contraction of capillaries that squeezes blood away from cold periphery into warmer core
Contralateral control
Stimulating left hemisphere -> movements on right side of body
Developmental disorders
Problems observed in course of apparently normal development
Peripheral nervous system
Part of nervous system that consists of nerves and ganglia (outside of brain and spinal cord)
Sensory receptors
Convert external stimulus into patterns of nerve impulses
Excitatory or inhibitory
Depending on which is more powerful (algebraic summation), post-synaptic potential will either be excitatory or inhibitory
On dendritic membrane
Neuron
Stores and releases same neurotransmitter at all of its axon terminals
Nerve cells that transmit electrical impulses (in form of action potential or nerve impulses)
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid
Genes consist of DNA
Exact structure of it controls production of other molecules ;proteins and enzymes) that serve as building blocks and regulators of every structure and process in the body
-genes=stored in chromosomes in cells’ nucleus
Ganglia
Neurons clumped together
Relay messages from sense organs to muscles (usually located near muscles they control)
Primary sensory projection areas
Receiving stations for information arriving from eyes, ears, and other sense organs
Primary motor projection areas
Departure point for signals that enter the lower parts of brain and spinal cord
-ultimately resulting in muscle movement
Infarcts
Areas of dead and dying neurons
Commissures
Pathways running across brain, interconnecting two sides
Hemisphere asymmetry of function
Our two hemispheres are not equivalent in regard to control of cognitive function
-as opposed to symmetry of hemisphere organisation for sensory and motor processes
Opiate neurotransmitters
Endogenous (naturally-occurring)
Endorphins and enkephalins
Inhibitory
Stabilises membrane
GABA is a main neurotransmitter that does this
Dopamine
DA
reward pathways
Nerve impulses
Electrical impulse stimulates vesicle to love to pre-synaptic terminal and then to the membrane
Vesicles rupture on membrane wall, release contents into synapse (chemical transmission), then diffuse to post-synaptic terminal (neuron)
Neurotransmitter + receptor
