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January Exams Yr9 > Biology > Flashcards

Biology Flashcards

0
Q

What is a balanced diet?

A

Having correct proportions of the seven main food groups

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1
Q

What are the main nutrients?

A 
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Fats
Vitamins
Minerals
Water
Fibre
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2
Q

What is malnutrition?

A

Not a balanced diet

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3
Q

What is starvation?

A

When a person doe not get enough of any food

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4
Q

What are good sources of carbohydrates?

A

Sugars: lactose in milk, other sugars in fruit
Starch: rice, pasta, potatoes

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5
Q

What are the uses of carbohydrates?

A

Provides us with energy

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6
Q

What are the deficiency problems for carbohydrates?

A

If too little, starvation

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7
Q

What are good sources of protein?

A

Chicken
Fish
Beans

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8
Q

What are the uses of protein?

A

Growth and repair

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9
Q

What are the deficiency problem for protein?

A

Kwashiorkor

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10
Q

What are good sources of fat?

A

Fried foods
Bacon
Butter

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11
Q

What are the uses of fat?

A

Energy

Insulation

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12
Q

What are the deficiency problems for fat?

A

If too little food, starvation

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13
Q

What are the two types of mineral?

A

Calcium

Iron

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14
Q

What are good sources of calcium?

A

Milk

Cheese

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15
Q

What are the uses of calcium?

A

Healthy bones and teeth

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16
Q

What are the deficiency problems for calcium?

A

Rickets

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17
Q

What are good sources of iron?

A

Red meat

Green vegetable

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18
Q

What are the uses of iron?

A

Red blood cells

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19
Q

What are the deficiency problems for iron?

A

Anaemia

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20
Q

What are the different vitamins?

A

A
C
D

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21
Q

What are good sources of vitamin A?

A

Carrots

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22
Q

What are the uses of vitamin A?

A

Essential for good eyesight

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23
Q

What are the deficiency problems for vitamin A?

A

Problems see in low light

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24
What are good sources of vitamin C?
Citrus fruits | Black currants
25
What are the uses of vitamin C?
Healthy skin and gums
26
What are the deficiency problems for vitamin C?
Scurvy
27
What are good sources of vitamin D?
Oily fish | Eggs
28
What are the uses of vitamin D?
Absorption of calcium for teeth and bones
29
What are the deficiency problems for vitamin D?
Rickets | Osteoporosis in later life
30
What are good sources of fibre?
Cereals | Wholemeal bread
31
What are the uses of fibre?
Adds bulk to food and keeps gut healthy
32
What re the deficiency problems for fibre?
Prevents constipation and bowel cancer
33
What are good sources of water?
All drinks | Fresh fruit and veg
34
What are the uses of water?
Used as a solvent | Major transport fluid
35
What are the deficiency problems for water?
Dehydration
36
What is a heart attack?
The result of a blocked coronary artery which supplies the heart with oxygen and glucose for respiration
37
What is a stroke?
The loss of brain function arising when the blood supply to the brain is cut off/interrupted
38
What are processed foods?
Often contain additives, artificial flavourings and other chemical ingredients
39
What is the test for starch?
Iodine test
40
What is result to the iodine test?
Orange/yellow to blue/black
41
What is the test for sugar?
Benedict's test
42
What is the result from the Benedict's test?
Turns from blue to green to brick red
43
What is the test for protein?
Biuret test
44
What is the result of the Biuret test?
Starts a pale blue and turns violet
45
What is the test for fat?
Emulsion test
46
What is the result of the emulsion test?
Water will become cloudy, especially at the top
47
How much energy is there in 1g of protein?
17kJ
48
How much energy is in 1g of fat?
38kJ
49
How much energy is in 1g of carbohydrates?
17kJ
50
How do you work out the energy in food?
Energy in 1g of food = rise in temp x volume of water x 4.2kJ
51
What are the incisors?
Found at the front of mouth | Used to bite
52
What are the canines?
Found at the side of mouth | Used for tearing
53
What are premolars and molars?
Found at the back of mouth | Used for chewing
54
What is enamel?
The outer covering of a tooth which is very hard
55
What is dentine?
Found below the enamel and contains living cells
56
What is the pulp cavity?
Contains nerves and blood cells
57
What is cement and periodontal fibres?
Holds tooth in socket
58
What are the systems of the digestive system?
``` Ingestion Digestion Absorption Assimilation Egestion ```
59
What is ingestion?
Food taken into the mouth
60
What is digestion?
Food broken down from insoluble to soluble substances
61
What is absorption?
Soluble substances are absorbed into the blood
62
What is assimilation?
Soluble products taken to cells and used
63
What is egestion?
Removal of food out of anus
64
How is digestion achieved?
Mechanical digestion | Chemical digestion
65
What is mechanical digestion?
Food is broken down by the teeth and tongue in mouth | Churned in the stomach by muscular movements
66
What is chemical digestion?
Food is brown down by enzymes | Enzymes help to break up food into very small no soluble pieces
67
What is an enzyme?
Speeds up a chemical reaction without being used up itself
68
What are the 3 main enzymes?
Amylase-starch into simple sugars Protease-proteins into amino acids Lipase-fat into fatty acids and glycerol
69
What is the first part of the digestive system?
The mouth
70
What happens in the mouth?
Food mechanically digested by teeth Food mixed with saliva which lubricates food for swallowing Saliva also contains amylase which begins the digestion of starch
71
What is the second part of the digestive system!
The oesophagus
72
What happens in the oesophagus?
Food is pushed along this tube from the mouth to the stomach in a process of peristalsis
73
What is peristalsis?
The muscular contraction and relaxation, moving the food through the digestive system
74
What is the third part of the digestive system?
The stomach
75
What happens in the stomach?
Food stays there for about four hours Food is mechanically digested by the constant muscle contraction Glands in the stomach wall release hydrochloric acid which kills germs
76
What is the fourth part of the digestive system?
Digestion in the small intestine, liver and pancreas
77
What happens in the small intestine, liver and pancreas?
Bile is made in your liver and stored in your gall bladder and because it's alkaline it helps to neutralise the stomach acid The bile breaks up oil droplets into an emulsion The pancreas produces pancreatic juice which contains enzymes to digest starch, protein and fat
78
What is the fifth part of the digestive system?
Food gets absorbed into the body
79
What is villi?
Finger-like projections which increase the surface area for absorption
80
What is micro villi?
Surround the villi to increase the surface area further
81
What is the sixth part of the digestive system?
The large intestine
82
What happens in the large intestine?
When the food passes into the large intestine, all that is left is a wet mixture of indigestible fibres, bacteria and dead cells Most of the remaining water is reabsorbed into the bloodstream
83
What is the seventh part of the digestive system?
Excretion
84
What is excretion?
The removal of toxic, metabolic waste substances produced through chemical reaction in the body
85
What is the equation for respiration?
Glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water + energy
86
How can carbon dioxide be detected?
Limewater- turns from clear of milky/cloudy in the presence of carbon dioxide Hydrogen carbonate indicator- turns from red/orange to yellow in the presence of carbon dioxide. And from red/orange to purple when carbon dioxide is removed
87
What is respiration?
The process of glucose and oxygen reacting to cells to produce energy
88
Why are the alveoli?
Air sacks t the end of the bronchioles
89
What is the thorax?
Upper part of body
90
What is the abdomen?
Lower part of the body
91
What is ventilation?
Getting sir into and out of the lungs
92
What is gas exchange?
Gases(carbon dioxide and oxygen) moving in and our of the blood
93
What hopes when you inhale?
``` The diaphragm contracts me flattens The intercostal muscles contract The volume of the chest cavity increases Ribs move up and out The air pressure inside the lungs decreases below atmospheric air pressure ```
94
What happens when you exhale?
The diaphragm I pushed up The volume to the chest cavity decreases The air pressure increases The air will move from an area of high pressure inside the lungs, to an area of low pressure outside the lungs
95
How much oxygen do you breath in and out?
21% | 16%
96
How much carbon dioxide do you breath in and out?
0.04% | 4%
97
How much nitrogen do you breath in and out?
78% | 78%
98
How much water vapour do you breath in and out?
A little | A lot
99
What three factors does the diffusion of gas depend on?
Large surface area Short distance Diffusion gradient
100
How does a large surface area help the diffusion of gases?
The larger the surface area, the morels can diffuse | Breathing in deeper lets the air get to more alveoli and so more oxygen can diffuse in the blood
101
How does short distance help the diffusion of gases?
The walls of the alveoli and the blood capillaries are very thin and close together that diffusion can happen very quickly
102
How does diffusion gradient help with diffusion of gases?
Gases move faster when there is a bigger difference in concentrations Breathing adds the oxygen to the alveoli and the bloodstream takes it away
103
How are the alveoli adapted to carry out gas exchange efficiently?
Have thin, moist walls so that gas can pass through them They are surrounded by many blood capillaries Very small, only 0.2mm in diameter and give the lungs a spongy texture and an enormous surface

January Exams Yr9 (10 decks)

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