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January Exams Yr9 > Biology > Flashcards

Biology Flashcards

0
Q

What is a balanced diet?

A

Having correct proportions of the seven main food groups

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1
Q

What are the main nutrients?

A 
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Fats
Vitamins
Minerals
Water
Fibre
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2
Q

What is malnutrition?

A

Not a balanced diet

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3
Q

What is starvation?

A

When a person doe not get enough of any food

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4
Q

What are good sources of carbohydrates?

A

Sugars: lactose in milk, other sugars in fruit
Starch: rice, pasta, potatoes

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5
Q

What are the uses of carbohydrates?

A

Provides us with energy

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6
Q

What are the deficiency problems for carbohydrates?

A

If too little, starvation

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7
Q

What are good sources of protein?

A

Chicken
Fish
Beans

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8
Q

What are the uses of protein?

A

Growth and repair

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9
Q

What are the deficiency problem for protein?

A

Kwashiorkor

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10
Q

What are good sources of fat?

A

Fried foods
Bacon
Butter

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11
Q

What are the uses of fat?

A

Energy

Insulation

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12
Q

What are the deficiency problems for fat?

A

If too little food, starvation

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13
Q

What are the two types of mineral?

A

Calcium

Iron

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14
Q

What are good sources of calcium?

A

Milk

Cheese

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15
Q

What are the uses of calcium?

A

Healthy bones and teeth

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16
Q

What are the deficiency problems for calcium?

A

Rickets

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17
Q

What are good sources of iron?

A

Red meat

Green vegetable

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18
Q

What are the uses of iron?

A

Red blood cells

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19
Q

What are the deficiency problems for iron?

A

Anaemia

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20
Q

What are the different vitamins?

A

A
C
D

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21
Q

What are good sources of vitamin A?

A

Carrots

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22
Q

What are the uses of vitamin A?

A

Essential for good eyesight

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23
Q

What are the deficiency problems for vitamin A?

A

Problems see in low light

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24
Q

What are good sources of vitamin C?

A

Citrus fruits

Black currants

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25
Q

What are the uses of vitamin C?

A

Healthy skin and gums

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26
Q

What are the deficiency problems for vitamin C?

A

Scurvy

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27
Q

What are good sources of vitamin D?

A

Oily fish

Eggs

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28
Q

What are the uses of vitamin D?

A

Absorption of calcium for teeth and bones

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29
Q

What are the deficiency problems for vitamin D?

A

Rickets

Osteoporosis in later life

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30
Q

What are good sources of fibre?

A

Cereals

Wholemeal bread

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31
Q

What are the uses of fibre?

A

Adds bulk to food and keeps gut healthy

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32
Q

What re the deficiency problems for fibre?

A

Prevents constipation and bowel cancer

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33
Q

What are good sources of water?

A

All drinks

Fresh fruit and veg

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34
Q

What are the uses of water?

A

Used as a solvent

Major transport fluid

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35
Q

What are the deficiency problems for water?

A

Dehydration

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36
Q

What is a heart attack?

A

The result of a blocked coronary artery which supplies the heart with oxygen and glucose for respiration

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37
Q

What is a stroke?

A

The loss of brain function arising when the blood supply to the brain is cut off/interrupted

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38
Q

What are processed foods?

A

Often contain additives, artificial flavourings and other chemical ingredients

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39
Q

What is the test for starch?

A

Iodine test

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40
Q

What is result to the iodine test?

A

Orange/yellow to blue/black

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41
Q

What is the test for sugar?

A

Benedict’s test

42
Q

What is the result from the Benedict’s test?

A

Turns from blue to green to brick red

43
Q

What is the test for protein?

A

Biuret test

44
Q

What is the result of the Biuret test?

A

Starts a pale blue and turns violet

45
Q

What is the test for fat?

A

Emulsion test

46
Q

What is the result of the emulsion test?

A

Water will become cloudy, especially at the top

47
Q

How much energy is there in 1g of protein?

A

17kJ

48
Q

How much energy is in 1g of fat?

A

38kJ

49
Q

How much energy is in 1g of carbohydrates?

A

17kJ

50
Q

How do you work out the energy in food?

A

Energy in 1g of food = rise in temp x volume of water x 4.2kJ

51
Q

What are the incisors?

A

Found at the front of mouth

Used to bite

52
Q

What are the canines?

A

Found at the side of mouth

Used for tearing

53
Q

What are premolars and molars?

A

Found at the back of mouth

Used for chewing

54
Q

What is enamel?

A

The outer covering of a tooth which is very hard

55
Q

What is dentine?

A

Found below the enamel and contains living cells

56
Q

What is the pulp cavity?

A

Contains nerves and blood cells

57
Q

What is cement and periodontal fibres?

A

Holds tooth in socket

58
Q

What are the systems of the digestive system?

A 
Ingestion
Digestion
Absorption 
Assimilation
Egestion
59
Q

What is ingestion?

A

Food taken into the mouth

60
Q

What is digestion?

A

Food broken down from insoluble to soluble substances

61
Q

What is absorption?

A

Soluble substances are absorbed into the blood

62
Q

What is assimilation?

A

Soluble products taken to cells and used

63
Q

What is egestion?

A

Removal of food out of anus

64
Q

How is digestion achieved?

A

Mechanical digestion

Chemical digestion

65
Q

What is mechanical digestion?

A

Food is broken down by the teeth and tongue in mouth

Churned in the stomach by muscular movements

66
Q

What is chemical digestion?

A

Food is brown down by enzymes

Enzymes help to break up food into very small no soluble pieces

67
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

Speeds up a chemical reaction without being used up itself

68
Q

What are the 3 main enzymes?

A

Amylase-starch into simple sugars
Protease-proteins into amino acids
Lipase-fat into fatty acids and glycerol

69
Q

What is the first part of the digestive system?

A

The mouth

70
Q

What happens in the mouth?

A

Food mechanically digested by teeth
Food mixed with saliva which lubricates food for swallowing
Saliva also contains amylase which begins the digestion of starch

71
Q

What is the second part of the digestive system!

A

The oesophagus

72
Q

What happens in the oesophagus?

A

Food is pushed along this tube from the mouth to the stomach in a process of peristalsis

73
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

The muscular contraction and relaxation, moving the food through the digestive system

74
Q

What is the third part of the digestive system?

A

The stomach

75
Q

What happens in the stomach?

A

Food stays there for about four hours
Food is mechanically digested by the constant muscle contraction
Glands in the stomach wall release hydrochloric acid which kills germs

76
Q

What is the fourth part of the digestive system?

A

Digestion in the small intestine, liver and pancreas

77
Q

What happens in the small intestine, liver and pancreas?

A

Bile is made in your liver and stored in your gall bladder and because it’s alkaline it helps to neutralise the stomach acid
The bile breaks up oil droplets into an emulsion
The pancreas produces pancreatic juice which contains enzymes to digest starch, protein and fat

78
Q

What is the fifth part of the digestive system?

A

Food gets absorbed into the body

79
Q

What is villi?

A

Finger-like projections which increase the surface area for absorption

80
Q

What is micro villi?

A

Surround the villi to increase the surface area further

81
Q

What is the sixth part of the digestive system?

A

The large intestine

82
Q

What happens in the large intestine?

A

When the food passes into the large intestine, all that is left is a wet mixture of indigestible fibres, bacteria and dead cells
Most of the remaining water is reabsorbed into the bloodstream

83
Q

What is the seventh part of the digestive system?

A

Excretion

84
Q

What is excretion?

A

The removal of toxic, metabolic waste substances produced through chemical reaction in the body

85
Q

What is the equation for respiration?

A

Glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water + energy

86
Q

How can carbon dioxide be detected?

A

Limewater- turns from clear of milky/cloudy in the presence of carbon dioxide
Hydrogen carbonate indicator- turns from red/orange to yellow in the presence of carbon dioxide. And from red/orange to purple when carbon dioxide is removed

87
Q

What is respiration?

A

The process of glucose and oxygen reacting to cells to produce energy

88
Q

Why are the alveoli?

A

Air sacks t the end of the bronchioles

89
Q

What is the thorax?

A

Upper part of body

90
Q

What is the abdomen?

A

Lower part of the body

91
Q

What is ventilation?

A

Getting sir into and out of the lungs

92
Q

What is gas exchange?

A

Gases(carbon dioxide and oxygen) moving in and our of the blood

93
Q

What hopes when you inhale?

A 
The diaphragm contracts me flattens
The intercostal muscles contract
The volume of the chest cavity increases
Ribs move up and out
The air pressure inside the lungs decreases below atmospheric air pressure
94
Q

What happens when you exhale?

A

The diaphragm I pushed up
The volume to the chest cavity decreases
The air pressure increases
The air will move from an area of high pressure inside the lungs, to an area of low pressure outside the lungs

95
Q

How much oxygen do you breath in and out?

A

21%

16%

96
Q

How much carbon dioxide do you breath in and out?

A

0.04%

4%

97
Q

How much nitrogen do you breath in and out?

A

78%

78%

98
Q

How much water vapour do you breath in and out?

A

A little

A lot

99
Q

What three factors does the diffusion of gas depend on?

A

Large surface area
Short distance
Diffusion gradient

100
Q

How does a large surface area help the diffusion of gases?

A

The larger the surface area, the morels can diffuse

Breathing in deeper lets the air get to more alveoli and so more oxygen can diffuse in the blood

101
Q

How does short distance help the diffusion of gases?

A

The walls of the alveoli and the blood capillaries are very thin and close together that diffusion can happen very quickly

102
Q

How does diffusion gradient help with diffusion of gases?

A

Gases move faster when there is a bigger difference in concentrations
Breathing adds the oxygen to the alveoli and the bloodstream takes it away

103
Q

How are the alveoli adapted to carry out gas exchange efficiently?

A

Have thin, moist walls so that gas can pass through them
They are surrounded by many blood capillaries
Very small, only 0.2mm in diameter and give the lungs a spongy texture and an enormous surface

January Exams Yr9 (10 decks)

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