Biology (2.1- 2.7) Flashcards
What 2 characteristics must organisms fulfill
- Must be able to reproduce independently
- Must use energy in the form of food or from and external source
What is a cell
A cell is the basic unit if life, structure, and function. All organisms must be made up of at least 1 cell
Basic unit of structure
Cells are the basic “bricks” that make up living things
Basic unit of function
Cells are like “little factories” that do all the work in living things
Ex. Each cell is the liver detoxifies blood, not the liver itself
Structure
ANATOMY
The shape of an organism or part of an organism. Understanding how something is shaped often helps us understand it’s function.
Function
PHYSIOLOGY
how a system in an organism, or the organism itself works. How the cells/organisms do their jobs
Hierarchy of structure (bottom to top)
Organismal level
Organ system level
Organ level
Tissue level
Cellular level
(Water molecule)
Chemical level
Two different types of cell
- Prokaryotic: do not I close their DNA
- Eukaryotic: encloses DNA in the nucleus
What is DNA
a large organic molecule that codes the information on how to build living things
Are cells thinking things
NO although they can do work, all the work is carried out by molecules, and random movements that are helped by molecular forces (positive and negative charges)
What is diffusion
Due to the natural movement of particles in a substance any concentration of a substance in two liquids mixed together is IMPOSSIBLE
they will naturally spread out and intermix together
Why is diffusion in cells important
It is generally how materials get from one part of the cell to another
Why is diffusion easier for prokaryotic cells
It is because prokaryotic cells are smaller than eukaryotic cells so molecules don’t have to live very far.
As the cell becomes bigger diffusion slows down affecting the cells ability to function. (If a cell cant get the materials it needs, it can’t do it’s job)
Can eukaryotic cells carry out diffusion
NO they cannot because they are much larger than prokaryotic cells
Eukaryotic cells expand their size by co opting smaller prokaryotic cells. THIS CREATES
Functional division
The interior of the eukaryotic cell is compartmentalized to carry out diff functions
What are cells filled with
CYTOPLASM
mainly water but also contains dissolved nutrients (sugars, proteins, and salts)
The cell membrane (3 points)
- oil layer combined with proteins
- can change it’s shape and control what comes in and out of a cell
- acts as a barrier separating different areas of water
Phospholipids
Specialized oil molecules that form the skin of the cell and organelles
Plant cells organelles
Chloroplast
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Cell wall
Chromatin
Nucleus
Nuclear pore
Nuclear envelope
Mitochondrion
Vacuole
VESICLE
Ribosomes
Lysosome
Golgi body
RER
SER
Animal cell organelles
Nucleus
Nuclear pore
Nuclear envelope
Mitochondrion
Vacuole
Ribosome
Lysosome
VESICLE
Golgi body
SER
RER
Centrioles
Cytoplasm
Plasma/cell membrane
Cell wall (3 points)
- Made of cellulose
- armour for plants
- prevents the cell membrane from rupturing (turgor pressure)
Nucleus (2 points)
- where the DNA is stored
- connected to the ER
Ribosomes (4 points)
- made of RNA
- worker of the cell do the cells job
- copy DNA into RNA
- located in the ER making it the RER
ER (3 points)
- branches away from the nucleus
-acts as a transportation system by decreasing the volume of space the material has to diffuse through - instead of travelling through the whole cell it travels through the narrow pathways of the ER
Golgi body (2 points)
- connected to the SER through vesicles
- preps and packages proteins for delivery outside of the cell
Vesicles (3 points)
- bubbles of membrane that move substances through cells
- export import of store materials
- can have specialized features
Lysosome (2 points)
- contains digestive enzymes or acid
- brakes down waste and digests food
Vacuole (2 points)
- storage vesicle
- in plant cells they are very large to sore water that created turgor pressure
Mitochondria (2 points)
- creates biochemical energy
- users concentration gradients to create energy
- converts glucose to ATP so the cell can use it as energy
Chloroplast
- converts sunlight to ATP
- only found in plant cells
- forms sap
- allows conservation of energy during times with little sun
Photosynthesis and Cellular respiration
Carbon dioxide and water =sugar oxygen PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Sugar and oxygen = carbon dioxide, water and energy CELLULAR RESPIRATION
How do cells begin
Cells start as stem cells
Red blood cells (5 points)
Biconcave disk (no nucleus)
Carry oxygen and travel through the blood stream
Shape allows them to fold and fit into small areas
Take sup less space
Travel single file
Muscle cells (5 points)
Stripes or striated
Long
Pulls on bones like ropes
Extend = stretch
Flex = compress
Skin cells (4 points)
Largest organ
Looks like bricks
First line of défense from infection
Squamous (flattened square)
Neurons (3 points)
Stellate (star shaped)
Branch out and connect to other neurons
Preform calculations and process information
