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Science > Biology 2 > Flashcards

Biology 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Mutation what is it?

A

A permanent change in DNA

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2
Q

Types of mutation

A

Insertion
Substitution
Deletion

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3
Q

Substitution

A

Hunting tons disease

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4
Q

Insertion

A

Sickle cell anaemia

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5
Q

Deletion

A

Digeorge syndrome

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6
Q

Independent assortment

A

During meiosis pairs of chromosomes can line up in different ways at equator

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7
Q

Crossing over

A

A section of one chromosome crosses over another chromosome then breaks and rejoins = different recombination of features in gametes

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8
Q

Genetic variation causes

A

Mutation
Independent assortment
Crossing over

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9
Q

adaptation

A

species evolves characteristics which enable it to survive and reproduce in a particular habit

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10
Q

3 types of adaptation

A

structural
behavioural
functional

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11
Q

structural

A

physical structure change

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12
Q

structural example

A

fish - fins (gills to breathe)

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13
Q

behavioural example

A

nocturnal

hibernation

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14
Q

functional example

A

camoflauging

kangaroo pausing pregnancy

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15
Q

biodiversity

A

number of different species present in a particular area and genetic diversity of genes

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16
Q

evolution

A

creation of biodiversity

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17
Q

variation

A

diversity within a species

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18
Q

two types of variation

A

genetic and environmental

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19
Q

5 steps of natural selection

A 
Variation 
Environment 
Selection 
Survival 
Reproduction
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20
Q

isolation

A

separation in environment results in reproduction of two species

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21
Q

what happens during isolation

A

mutation and natural selection

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22
Q

types of isolation

A

geographical
temporal
behavioural

23
Q

geographical isolation

A

two pop of same species seperate due to sine typeof physical barrier

24
Q

geographical isolation example

A

oceans
rivers
mountain ranges

25
Q

temporal isolation

A

different types of season coming out at different times

26
Q

example of temporal isolation

A

toad species come out in summer and winter

27
Q

behavioural isolation

A

mating ritual differs

28
Q

evidence of evolution

A

fossils
comparative anatomy
dna and protein structure
embryology

29
Q

fossils

A

preserved evidence of a previously living organism

30
Q

conditions of fossilisation

A

rapid burial
lack of oxygen
stagnant swamps

31
Q

types of fossils

A

original fossils
replacement fossils
indirect fossils

32
Q

indirect fossils

A

not parts of organisms but traces of it

33
Q

moulds

A

imprint showing outside of organism

34
Q

cast

A

organism covered by mud

35
Q

best types of environment for preserving organism

A

amber
permafrost
peat

36
Q

amber

A

solid plant sap or gum

37
Q

permafrost

A

frozen land

38
Q

peat

A

decomposed plants like moss

39
Q

what type of rock are fossils found in

A

sedimentary

40
Q

what are index fossils used for

A

used to identify geological periods

41
Q

index fossil characteristics

A

abundant
large geographical range
highly distinctive
short time

42
Q

stratigraphy

A

comparing layers

43
Q

transitional fossils

A

fossils of organisms that show features of 2 different groups

44
Q

tetrapods

A

animals with four legs

45
Q

homologous tetrapod limbs

A

one long bone attached to two other long bones

46
Q

4 bones in tetrapod

A

ulna
radius
humerus
cmp

47
Q

homology

A

similar structures from a common ancestor

48
Q

pentadactyl limbs

A

same base with 5 digits

49
Q

comparative embryology

A

early embryos of all vertebrates same structure

50
Q

embryology characteristics

A 
notochord (spinal cord)
gill slits (neck)
51
Q

comparitive dna

A

heat up DNA which seperate into 2 different strands

two strands hybridise i

52
Q

what are proteins made of

A

amino acids

53
Q

number of cysosome c in different species derernubes

A

how close human dna is to other animals

54
Q

4 observations of Charles Darwin

A

Produce more than can survive
Variations are passed on and inherited
Show variation in characteristics
Population is constant

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