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Biology 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

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2
Q

what is a chromosome

A

a very long DNA molecule that is tightly wounded and packaged

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3
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have

A

2 sets of 23 chromosomes (so 46 )

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4
Q

where are chromosomes

A

in each cell in the nucleus

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5
Q

why are there 2 sets of 23 chromosomes

A

each 23 inherited from each parent

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6
Q

what is the sugar in DNA

A

deoxyribose

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7
Q

what are the four types of nitrogen bases

A

adenine thymine guanine and cytosine

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8
Q

what nitrogen bases bond with what?

A

adenine with thymine and guanine with cytosine

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9
Q

what is the base pair rule?

A

adenine will only bond with thymine and guanine will only bond with cytosine

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10
Q

what makes up a nucleotide

A

base, deoxyribose sugar and a phosphate

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11
Q

what is DNA made up of

A

repeating nucleotides

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12
Q

the sides of the DNA ladder are made up of alternating…

A

deoxyribose sugar and phosphate

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13
Q

when a DNA twists it forms a

A

double helix

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14
Q

paired bases held together by weak bonds are called

A

hydrogen bonds

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15
Q

what is a karyotype

A

the number of chromosomes and their structure

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16
Q

what are autosomes

A

22 pairs of chromosomes that carry the genes for most characteristics

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17
Q

sex chromosomes

A

last pair of chromosomes

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18
Q

what do sex chromosomes do?

A

carry genes for mainly gender specific characteristics

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19
Q

how to know if someone had down syndrome

A

extra chromosome in number 21

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20
Q

what chromosome is a male

A

XY

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21
Q

what chromosome is a female

A

XX

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22
Q

how many chromosomes are present in a normal human cell

A

46

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23
Q

how could a karyotype be used in medicine

A

to diagnose particular conditions

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24
Q

what is a gene

A

regions on the chromosome which code for a particular characteristic

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25
Q

genome

A

complete genetic instructions for an organism

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26
Q

which cells make haemoglobin

A

red blood cells

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27
Q

what does haemoglobin do in the particular cells

A

carry oxygen

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28
Q

gene mutations for breast cancer

A

BRCA 1 and BRCA 2

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29
Q

people who helped discover DNA

A

Francis Crick
James Watson
Maurice Wilkins
Rosalind Franklin

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30
Q

what did Francis crick and James Watson do

A

Make models of DNA

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31
Q

what did rosalind franklin do

A

able to get two different fibers of DNA to get high resolution photos of crystallised DNA fibers

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32
Q

what did maurice Wilkinson do

A

passed on Rosalinds data to James Watson and Francis Crick

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33
Q

helicase

A

how a double helix is unwound using an enzyme

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34
Q

what does DNA polymerase do

A

Combines the thousands of nucleotides to form daughter DNA strands

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35
Q

which enzyme unwinds and rewinds the DNA strand

A

helicase

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36
Q

which enzyme makes the new DNA strand

A

DNA polymerase

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37
Q

chromatid

A

x of two replicated chromosomes

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38
Q

centromere

A

chromatid that are being held together

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39
Q

centriole

A

spindles that pull apart chromosome

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40
Q

mitosis stages

A 
Interphase 
Prophase 
Metaphase
Anaphase 
Telophase
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41
Q

interphase

A

chromosomes are in the process of replicating

42
Q

early prophase

A

chromosomes are visible and appear as an X and centrioles move apart

43
Q

late prophase

A

nuclear membrane disappear and spindle fibres form

44
Q

metaphase

A

chromosomes line up at middle of cell and attached to spindle fibre via the centromere q

45
Q

anaphase

A

spindle fibres pull the chromatids apart and centromeres divide and move to opposite ends of cells

46
Q

telophase

A

nuclear membrane reforms around the chromosomes and cytoplasm divides

47
Q

how many cells are created through mitosis

A

2

48
Q

what is a diploid number

A

number of chromosomes in every cell of the body

49
Q

diploid number of human

A

46

50
Q

what organelle is responsible foe pulling the chromosomes apart during mitosis

A

centrioles and spindle fibers

51
Q

when a chromosome copies itself we call this

A

chromatids

52
Q

what is the term given to the process of division of the cytoplasm of the cell

A

cytokinesis

53
Q

cytokinesis

A

process of division of the cytoplasm

54
Q

male gametes in humans

A

sperm

55
Q

female gametes in humans

A

egg or ovum

56
Q

male gametes in animals

A

pollen

57
Q

fertilisation

A

two gametes fuse together

58
Q

zygote

A

cells that result from fertilization

59
Q

meiosis

A

cell division to produce gametes

60
Q

haploid number

A

half of a diploid number

61
Q

how many chromosomes in a human gamete

A

23

62
Q

stages of meiosis

A 
Interphase 
prophase 
metaphase 
anaphase 
telophase 
prophase 
metaphase 
anaphase 
telophase
63
Q

where does mitosis occur

A

every cell in the human body

64
Q

where does meiosis occur

A

gonads

65
Q

how many cells are produced in meiosis

A

4

66
Q

genetic material in meiosis daughter cells

A

different material in each cell formed

67
Q

what are mutations

A

permanent changes in the DNA sequence

68
Q

three types of gene mutations

A

base substitutions
base deletions
base insertions

69
Q

what is a neutral mutation

A

different coloured eyes

70
Q

two beneficial mutations

A

immunity to HIV

digest lactose

71
Q

what type of mutation cause huntingtons disease

A

insertion

72
Q

effects of huntingtons

A

death, memory loss, lost coordination

73
Q

base substitution example

A

sickle cell anaemia

74
Q

mutations are more likely with exposure to

A

radiation (x rays and uv rays)

chemicals (cig smoke)

75
Q

mutation from chemicals

A

lung cancer

76
Q

mutation from uv radiation

A

melanoma

77
Q

mutation may occur in …

A 
somatic cells (only affect individual )
germ cells
78
Q

how does down syndrome occur

A

nondisjunction of chromosome 21 during meiosis

79
Q

nondisjunctions

A

error in meiosis where chromoasomes do not seperate normally

80
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

pair of chromosomes that are inheritied from each parent

81
Q

what are genes

A

info that control the features or characterisitcs that an individual displays

82
Q

allele

A

different version of gene

83
Q

dominant allele is represented by

A

capital letter

84
Q

recessive allele is represented by a

A

lower case letter

85
Q

homozygous

A

two identical allele on homologous chromosomes (pure breeding

86
Q

heterozygous

A

two different allele in a chromosome (hybrid)

87
Q

genotype and ex

A

allele pair for each characteristic eg) Bb

88
Q

phenotype and ex

A

physical expression of an allele pair eg) blue eyes

89
Q

punnet square how to write

A

F1 genotype and F1 phenotype

90
Q

what to include in F1 genotype and phenotype

A

percentages

91
Q

what are the sex chromosmes

A

23rd pair of chromosomes

92
Q

the two x chromosomes in females are said to be

A

homologous

93
Q

how do y chromosome differ from the x chromosome in males

A

the y chromosome is shorter with fewer genes

94
Q

why are males more prone to being affected by faulty genes

A

if the gene on the x chromosome is faulty, then there is no chance of the male inheriting a normal gene which could mask the faulty gene

95
Q

diseases that can be caused by faulty genes on the x chromosome

A

color blind

albinisim

96
Q

which organism had its DNA sequenced first

A

virus

97
Q

what was the human genome project

A

project designed to sequence DNA

98
Q

name a genetic disorder that can be detected by newborn screening

A

cystic fibrosis

99
Q

cystic fibrosis symptoms and test

A

heel prick

problems digesting food

100
Q

type of inheritance cystic fibrosis

A

autosomal recessive

101
Q

Bonds that bond at and gc

A

Hydrogen bonds

Science (8 decks)

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