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Biology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Levels of Biological Organization

A

biosphere > ecosystem > community > population

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2
Q

Biomolecules

A
  • carbohydrates
  • proteins
  • lipids
  • nucleic acid
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3
Q

building blocks of carbohydrates

A

monosaccharides

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4
Q

building blocks of proteins

A

amino acids

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5
Q

building blocks of lipids

A

fatty acids, glycerol

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6
Q

building blocks of nucleic acid

A

nucleotides

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7
Q

Modern Cell Theory

A
  1. The cell is the most basic unit of life.
  2. All organisms are made up of cells.
  3. All cells arise from other cells.
  4. All cells have similar biomolecules and biochemical reactions.
  5. All cells contain genetic material which is passed
    on from one cell to another.
  6. All chemical and physiological processes in the body happen in the cell.
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8
Q

type of cell that has:
- no true nucleus
- no membrane-bound organelles
- mostly unicellular
- archaea, bacteria

A

prokaryotic cell

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9
Q

type of cell that has:
- true nucleus
- membrane-bound organelles
- unicellular, multicellular
- animalia, protista, fungi, plantae

A

eukaryotic cell

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10
Q

cell structures/parts of a typical plant cell

A
  • mitochondrion
  • vacuole
  • cell wall
  • cell membrane
  • golgi bodies
  • nucleus
  • ribosomes
  • chloroplast
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11
Q

cell structures/parts of a typical prokaryotic cell

A
  • DNA
  • cell membrane
  • capsule
  • ribosomes
  • cell wall
  • flagellum
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12
Q

Organelles present only in prokaryotes

A
  • nucleoid region
  • capsule
  • plasmid
  • pilli
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13
Q

Organelles present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A
  • ribosomes
  • cytoplasm
  • cell membrane
  • genetic material
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14
Q

cell communication and transport

A

cell membrane

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15
Q

storage of genetic information

A

genetic material

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16
Q

protein synthesis

A

ribosomes

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17
Q

command center

A

nucleus

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18
Q

transportation of proteins and
other cellular components

A

golgi apparatus

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19
Q

protein synthesis and lipid production

A

endoplasmic reticulum

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20
Q

ATP synthesis

A

mitochondria

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21
Q

Cellular digestion

A

lysosome

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22
Q

photosynthesis

A

chloroplast

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23
Q

storage of food and other cellular components

A

vacuole

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24
Q

structural support, protections, controls cell transportation

A

cell wall

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25
Q

production of spindle fibers during cell division

A

centrioles

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26
Q

unique organelle in animal cell

A

centriole

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27
Q

unique organelle in plant cell

A
  • chloroplast
  • plasmoderma
  • cell wall
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28
Q
  • equational division
  • diploid > diploid
  • 2 daughter cells
  • produce somatic or body cells
  • for growth and repair
A

mitosis

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29
Q
  • reductional division
  • diploid > haploid
  • 4 daughter cells
  • produces sex cells/gametes
  • for reproduction
A

meiosis

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30
Q

Spermatogenesis order

A

spermatogonium > primary spermatocyte > secondary spermatocyte > spermatids > sperms

31
Q

Oogenesis order

A

oogonium > primary oocyte > secondary oocyte > egg > polar bodies

32
Q

general term for all chemical reactions of a cell

A

metabolism

33
Q

building up of chemical reactions

A

anabolism

34
Q

breaking down of chemical reactions

A

catabolism

35
Q

formation of carbohydrate molecules from carbon dioxide using the chemical energy produced from light dependent reactions

A

light independent reactions

36
Q

cellular transport; diffusion and osmosis

A

passive transport

37
Q

cellular transport that uses ATP

A

active transport

38
Q

the DNA double chain “unzips” and a new complementary strand is formed for each “unzipped” strand, creating two complete double chains

A

replication

39
Q

RNA for protein synthesis is created from DNA; instead of adenine-thymine, the base pairing is adenine-uracil

A

transcription

40
Q

the messenger RNA produced from transcription will be used as a template for the synthesis of amino acids; three bases code for one amino acid

A

translation

41
Q

plants with no xylem and phloem; no roots, stems or leaves; reproduce through spores

A

non-vascular (bryophytes)

42
Q

mostly ferns, only have roots, stems and fronds; reproduce by spores

A

pteridophytes

43
Q

non-flowering; mostly conifers

A

gymnosperms

44
Q

flowering plants

A

angiosperms

45
Q

has:
- 1 cotyledon
- parallel veins
- petioles and sepals in 3’s
- fibrous roots
- scattered vascular system

A

monocot

46
Q

has:
- 2 cotyledons
- netted veins
- petioles and sepals in 4’s or 5’s
- taproot
- vascular system in rings

A

dicot

47
Q

slow and permanent reaction by plants

A

tropism

48
Q

reaction to light

A

phototropism

49
Q

reaction to gravity

A

geotropism

50
Q

reaction to touch

A

thigmotropism

51
Q

organisms on the seabed; starfish, crab, corals

A

benthos

52
Q

organisms that swim; fish, squid, shrimp

A

nekton

53
Q

organisms that float

A

plankton

54
Q

“fitness”; possession of favorable characteristics

A

adaptation

55
Q

theory by Lamarch that says that traits developed or acquired during an organism’s lifetime are passed on to its offspring

A

inheritance of acquired characteristics

56
Q
  • diverse groups of organisms evolve from a common ancestor (common descent)
  • the main mechanism for evolution us natural selection
A

Darwin’s theory of evolution

57
Q

survival of the fittest by Charles Darwin

A

theory of natural selection

58
Q

carries food to stomach

A

esophagus

59
Q

use to mechanically and chemically digest

A

stomach

60
Q

use to mechanically and chemically digest

A

stomach

61
Q

used for chemical digestion; absorption of digested food

A

small intestine

62
Q

used for absorption of water

A

large intestine

63
Q

3 muscle cells

A
  • cardiac
  • skeletal
  • smooth
64
Q

bind bone to bone

A

ligaments

65
Q

bind muscle to bone

A

tendons

66
Q

soft bone; makes up skeleton of sharks and very young vertebrates

A

cartilage

67
Q

carries oxygenated blood away from the heart

A

artery

68
Q

carries deoxygenated blood back to the heart

A

veins

69
Q

central nervous system contains

A

brain and spinal cord

70
Q

peripheral nervous system contain

A

nerves

71
Q

part of the brain that is for conscious thinking; intelligence

A

cerebrum

72
Q

part of the brain for emotions

A

hypothalamus

73
Q

part of the brain for body balance

A

cerebellum

74
Q

brain stem consists of

A
  • midbrain
  • pons
  • medulla oblongata

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