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Y8 T3 > Biology > Flashcards

Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Breathing

A

When muscles contract and relax to move air in and out of the lungs

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2
Q

What do we need to stay alive?

A

Energy

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3
Q

Where do we get our energy from?

A

From nutrients, especially glucose

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4
Q

Respiration

A

A chemical reaction that happens inside every living cell in which energy is released for glucose so that the cell can use it

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5
Q

What happens inside the cell for aerobic respiration?

A

A chemical reaction takes place where the glucose from digested starch in the small intestine combines with oxygen taken from air in breathing and the chemical potential energy released

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6
Q

What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?

A

Glucose+ oxygen –> Carbon dioxide + water + energy

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7
Q

What do the different colours mean on a thermogram?

A

Black is the coldest then purple, red, orange, yellow and finally white

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8
Q

Being fit

A

Being able to do moderate exercise easily without getting tired too quickly e.g a professional tennis player has to be able to play a match that may last up to 5 hours

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9
Q

What happens when we exercise?

A

Our muscles need energy which they get from respiration so then the energy will be transferred to movement energy in the muscles. When we exercise we need more energy because the faster our muscles work, the faster they respire, so more oxygen and glucose for respiration. They are brought to the muscles in the blood so the heart will beat faster when we exercise. We also breathe faster when we exercise so that air moves in and out faster

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10
Q

What happens when an ice hockey player uses a lot of energy?

A
  • The heart will pump quickly to send blood to the leg muscles
  • Blood, containing glucose and oxygen, flows to the leg muscles
  • Energy is supplied to the muscles by combining glucose and oxygen
  • Oxygen diffuses in the blood from the air inside the lungs
  • The breathing muscles work quickly to bring extra air into the lungs
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11
Q

Doing regular exercise will help you to keep fit. How?

A
  • It helps your heart and breathing muscles to get strong so they can work hard for you when you need them to.
  • It strengthens your muscles
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12
Q

The type of food that you eat affects your fitness. How?

A
  • If someone eats too much and gets
    overweight they will become unfit because :
    1-The extra mass of the body needs more energy to move it around.
    2-The heart works harder to push blood around the larger body.
    3-The space inside arteries gets narrower because fat deposits build up inside them
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13
Q

Why does extra mass around the body would make it difficult to do exercise?

A

Extra mass body means :
- More energy
- More respiration
- More oxygen and glucose
- The heart and lungs work harder

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14
Q

Why does the heart working harder make it difficult to do exercise?

A

This makes it less likely that it will be able to supply oxygen and glucose to the muscles as fast as they require them

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15
Q

Why do narrow arteries make it difficult to do exercise?

A

They can’t carry as much blood as healthy arteries. This means that less oxygen and glucose are transported to the muscles per minute. So muscles can’t respire as quickly and therefore don’t have as much energy to use for contraction

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16
Q

Where does aerobic respiration take place?

A

Inside the mitochondria of the cell

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17
Q

What energy is released in respiration?

A

Chemical potential energy and heat energy because everything that respires releases heat energy

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18
Q

What is one of the easiest ways to make yourself unfit?

A

To smoke cigarettes

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19
Q

What does the World heath organisation estimate each year?

A
  • 4.2 million people will die early as a result of smoking cigarettes
  • Cigarettes kill half of all the people who smoke them regularly
  • Smoking kills more people each year than all the deaths from HIV / AIDS, drugs and road accidents added together
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20
Q

What will happen to people who breathe in other people’s cigarette smoke?

A

They may get ill and children are especially at risk, if adults in their home regularly smoke cigarettes

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21
Q

What is in cigarettes smoke?

A
  • Nicotine
  • Tar
  • Carbon monoxide
  • Particulates
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22
Q

Nicotine

A
  • It’s a harmful drug and addictive
  • Makes your blood vessels get narrower, so the heart has to work harder to push blood through them so they are more likely to develop heart disease than non smokers
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23
Q

Drug

A

A substance that changes the way the body works

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24
Q

Tar

A
  • Causes cancer and increases the risk of developing all types of cancer, but especially lung cancer
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25
Q

Addictive

A

Once your body has got used to it, it’s very difficult to stop taking it

26
Q

Cancer

A

A disease in which some cells divide uncontrollably forming a lump called a tumour

27
Q

Carbon monoxide

A
  • An invisible gas
  • Combines with haemoglobin in the red blood cells, so they can’t carry as much oxygen
28
Q

Particulates

A
  • Tiny particles of soot and other substances that get into the lungs to damage cells and the thin walls of the air sacs
  • This makes it much more difficult for oxygen to get from the air sacs into the blood
29
Q

How many cells have our body created?

A

Millions of cells, but we began our lives as a single cell

30
Q

How was our 1st cell created?

A

When an egg cell and a sperm cell join together

31
Q

Gametes

A

The 2 special cells that are adapted for reproduction (egg cell and sperm cell)

32
Q

Chromosomes

A

A long thread-like structure in the nucleus of a cell, which is made up of genetic material (DNA) that contains information about how the cell will develop

33
Q

How many chromosomes do we have in every cell?

A

46 but gametes have only 23

34
Q

Egg cell

A
  • Female gametes
  • They are bigger than most cells because they store food in their cytoplasm
  • They have a cell surface membrane
35
Q

Sperm cell

A
  • Male gametes
  • They are smaller than most cells
  • They have only a small amount of cytoplasm
  • They have a long tail, so that they can swim
  • They have a cell surface membrane
36
Q

Fertilisation

A

When a sperm cell meets an egg cell the head of the sperm goes inside the egg cell and the nucleuses join together and produce a zygote

37
Q

List 3 ways in which an egg cell differs from other cells in the human body

A
  • It’s larger
  • Has food stored in its cytoplasm
  • Has 23 chromosomes instead of 46
38
Q

Growth

A

Growth is about getting bigger physically, like getting taller or gaining weight

39
Q

What happens when we grow?

A

The embryo forms into a foetus and then into a baby. Each cell grows then divides, grows, then divides. This process continues all through childhood

40
Q

What does the change from zygote to an adult involve?

A

Growth and development

41
Q

Development

A

Development is about progress and changes in all aspects of life, including physical, mental, and emotional.

42
Q

What happens when a baby is born and it develops?

A

It has all of its organs then it’s muscles become stronger as it learns to crawl, walk and run and its brain will develop as it learns to talk and play with toys

43
Q

What are the main stages in development that everyone passes through?

A

Baby, toddler, child, adolescent, adult but there are no sharp changes from one stage to another

44
Q

Adolescence

A

The time of a change from childhood to adulthood

45
Q

When does adolescence happen for girls?

A

10 or 11 years old

46
Q

When does adolescence happen for boys?

A

12 or 13 years old

47
Q

What happens at the age of 12 or 13 for boys and 10 or 11 for girls?

A

The reproductive organs and the brain undergo large changes and there is often a growth spurt at this time

48
Q

What changes in the reproductive organs happen in girls in adolescence?

A

Menstruation begins. Hormones produced by the reproductive organs cause body shape changes as breasts develop, hips widen and hair begins to grow in the armpits and other parts of the body

49
Q

What changes in the reproductive organs happen in boys adolescence?

A

Sperm production begins. Hormones produced by the reproductive organs cause body shape changes as shoulders broaden, the voice becomes deeper and hair begins to grow on the face, in the armpits and other parts of the body

50
Q

What changes in the brain happen during adolescence?

A

The brain does not go any larger during adolescence, but there is quite a lot of reorganisation which makes a person think and feel differently from when they were a child.
- The person becomes better at making decisions, planning ahead, thinking logically and learns quickly
- Emotions may become stronger, people may worry more, have romantic feelings, and become more self-aware
- There is often a strong need for approval from friends and others and young people may want to be like their role models so they set themselves impossible standards trying to be like someone on TV

51
Q

What does glucose contain?

A

Chemical potential energy

52
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

The release of energy from glucose by reacting it with oxygen inside living cells so that the cells can use it

53
Q

Name the two new substances that are made when glucose reacts with oxygen inside a cell

A

Water and carbon dioxide

54
Q

how does glucose get to a cell in a muscle?

A

Glucose is produced when starch is digested inside the digestive system. It is absorbed into the blood through the walls of the small intestine, and then the glucose is dissolved in the blood plasma, the blood carries it to the heart, and the heart pumps it to the body cells in the muscles.

55
Q

how does oxygen get into a cell in a muscle?

A

Oxygen diffuses into the capillaries from the air sacs in the lungs. It diffuses into red blood cells, combining with haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin, then the blood flows to the heart and is pumped out and delivered to the muscle cells

56
Q

What is the difference between respiration and breathing?

A

Respiration is a chemical reaction inside all living cells when glucose combines with oxygen, producing water and carbon dioxide and releasing energy in a form the cell can use.
Breathing is how muscles contract and relax to move air into and out of the lungs.

57
Q

Explain why a professional sportsperson often has a diet that contains carbohydrates just before a competition

A

These foods contain starch. Starch is digested to produce
glucose, which is used by cells to provide energy in respiration

58
Q

Why do most professional sportsmen and women don’t smoke?

A

Smoking would make it more difficult for them to perform at the top of their sport. Their muscles would not get as much oxygen, so would not be able to work as efficiently as in a non-smoker

59
Q

How many chromosomes will there be in a human zygote?

A

46

60
Q

Explain why it is important that an egg cell and a sperm cell only have half of the normal number of choromosones

A

Because when they fuse together they will have the normal amount

61
Q

List 3 ways in which a sperm cell differs from other cells in the human body

A
  • It’s smaller
  • Has a long tail and can swim
  • Has 23 chromosomes instead of 46
62
Q

By what age have most people become adults?

A

19 years old

Y8 T3 (9 decks)

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