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biology Flashcards

1
Q

Humans are ______ , they must ingest the nutrients they need, including carbohydrates,
proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water.

A

heterotrophs

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2
Q

_____, ______, _____ are made up of
large molecules that must be broken down into simpler forms so that they can be absorbed and
used by the cells.

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins

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3
Q

______, ______, ______are made up of small molecules that can be
absorbed without digestion.

A

Vitamins, minerals, and water

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4
Q

Organs of the digestive system are divided into 2 main groups:

A

the gastrointestinal tract (GI
tract) and accessory structures

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5
Q

is a continuous tube extending from the mouth to the anus – it consists of the
mouth, oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus.

A

GI tract

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6
Q

include the teeth, tongue (in oral cavity), salivary glands, liver,
gallbladder, and pancreas.

A

Accessory structures

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7
Q

Steps in Digestion

A

Ingestion, Digestion, absorption, assimilation, egestion

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8
Q

taking in of food
through the mouth.

A

ingestion

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9
Q

which involves
secretion of enzymes for chemical
breakdown of food as well as mechanical
(physical) digestion of food.

A

Digestion

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10
Q

the passage of
digested food through the intestinal walls
to the blood.

A

absorption

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11
Q
  1. Assimilation, the utilization of
    smaller particles of nutrients by body
    cells.
A

assimilation

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12
Q
  1. Egestion, the elimination of
    undigested food through the anus.
A

egestion

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13
Q

makes bile

A

liver

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14
Q

produce digestive juices in the mouth

A

salivary glands

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15
Q

churns food and adds digestive juices

A

stomach

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16
Q

where digestion begins

A

mouth

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17
Q

removes water and stores solid waste

A

large intestine

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18
Q

produces digestive juices for final digestion

A

pancreas

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19
Q

break, grind food into pieces

A

teeth

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20
Q

site of final digestion; absorbs digested food

A

small intestine

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21
Q

bile storage

A

gall bladder

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22
Q

are
stored in the body’s fatty tissue and liver. They help with
processes such as maintaining healthy vision, skin, and
bones, and they support the immune system

A

Fat-soluble vitamins (Vitamins A, D, E, and K)

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23
Q

are not stored in the body and must be
consumed more regularly. They are crucial for energy
metabolism, making red blood cells, and supporting the
nervous and immune systems

A

Water-soluble vitamins (Vitamin C and all B
vitamins)

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24
Q

are inorganic elements that are crucial for various physiological processes in the
body.
* _____ are needed in larger amounts
* ______ are required in smaller quantities.

A

Minerals, Macrominerals, Trace minerals

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25
Q

Vital for strong bones and teeth, muscle contraction, and nerve function

A

calcuim

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26
Q

helps form bones and teeth and is involved in energy metabolism

A

phosphorus

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27
Q

Essential for fluid balance, nerve transmission, and muscle contraction

A

potassium

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28
Q

Key electrolytes for maintaining fluid balance in the body

A

sodium and chloride

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29
Q

Important for bone health, protein synthesis, muscle contraction, and
nerve transmission

A

magnesium

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30
Q

Integral part of hemoglobin in red blood cells, carrying
oxygen; necessary for energy metabolism

A

Iron

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31
Q

Involved in enzyme function, protein synthesis, wound
healing, and immune system health

A

zinc

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32
Q

Required for iron metabolism and is part of many
enzymes

A

copper

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33
Q

Essential for thyroid hormone production, which
regulates growth, development, and metabolism

A

iodine

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34
Q

examples of macrominerals

A

calcium, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium

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35
Q

examples of trace minerals

A

iron, zinc, copper, iodine

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36
Q

also known as lipids, are an essential part of the diet and serve several key functions in the body

A

fats

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37
Q

Fats provide a dense source of energy, offering 9 calories per gram.
-are stored in adipose tissue and can be broken down to release energy when
needed

A

energy storage

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38
Q

Fats help to insulate the body to maintain body temperature and protect
vital organs against shock

A

insulation and protection

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39
Q

Fats are a major component of cell membranes, contributing to cell
structure and function

A

cell membrane structure

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40
Q

Fats are involved in the creation of hormones that regulate various bodily
processes, such as growth, immune function, and reproduction

A

hormone production

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41
Q

Fats aid in the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K), which are
crucial for health

A

vitamin absorption

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42
Q

Essential fatty acids are important for cognitive function and brain health

A

brain function

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43
Q

supply energy to all cells in the body.

A

carbohydrates

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44
Q

Most dietary carbohydrates are digested and broken down
into ____ and enters the bloodstream and is taken up by cells.

A

glucose

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45
Q

Sometimes food can take ____ days to be fully digested and
absorbed by the body

A

2 or 3 days

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46
Q

the body parts
involved in the digestion
process

A
  • The mouth
  • esophagus
  • Stomach
  • Small intestine
  • Colon
  • Anus
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47
Q

is secreted from salivary
glands in the mouth. It contains the
enzyme amylase which helps break
down starch into simple sugars

A

saliva

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48
Q

When food is swallowed, the muscles in the
esophagus contract and relax, helping to push
the food down into the stomach. These waves
of muscular contractions which move food
along the digestive system are called ___

A

peristalsis

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49
Q

Each mouthful of food takes about ___ seconds
to reach the stomach once it is swallowed.

A

six

50
Q

When the food has been churned into a creamy
mixture known as ____, it passes gradually into
the small intestine.

A

chyme

51
Q

Food can spend up to ____ hours in the stomach.

A

2 or 3 hours

52
Q

is a tube about 6
meters long

A

small intestine

53
Q

The first section of the small intestine
is called the _____, followed by
____ and ____.

A

duodenum, jejunum and ileum

54
Q

food is mixed with
pancreatic juice from the pancreas
which decreases the acidity of the
stomach juices.

A

duodenum

55
Q

are produced in the liver
and stored in the gall bladder to help
break down fat in the small intestine.

A

bile salts

56
Q

After the ____ has passed into the
duodenum some of the nutrients can pass
through the wall of the villi into the
bloodstream or lymphatic system.

A

chyme

57
Q

absorbs most of the
nutrients.

A

The small intestine

58
Q

shorter than the small intestine.

A

colon

59
Q

ferment the remaining food and
produce some molecules and gases.

A

bacteria

60
Q

In eukaryotic cells, the production
of new cells occurs as a result of

A

mitosis and meiosis.

61
Q

Both mitosis and meiosis processes involve the division of a _____, or a cell containing two
sets of chromosomes (one chromosome donated from each parent).

A

diploid cell

62
Q

In mitosis, _______ in a cell is duplicated and divided equally
between two cells.

A

the genetic material (DNA)

63
Q

The dividing cell goes through an ordered series of events called the ____

A

cell
cycle.

64
Q

_____ of the body
replicate by mitosis. Examples of it include fat cells, blood cells, skin cells, or
any body cell that is not a sex cell.

A

somatic cells

65
Q

is necessary to replace dead cells, damaged cells,
or cells that have short life spans.

A

mitosis

66
Q

is the process by which gametes (sex cells) are generated in organisms
that reproduce sexually.

A

meiosis

67
Q

Gametes are produced in male and female gonads and contain
one-half the number of chromosomes as the original cell. New gene combinations are
introduced in a population through the _____ that occurs during meiosis.
Thus, unlike the two genetically identical cells produced in mitosis, the meiotic cell cycle
produces ____cells that are genetically different.

A

genetic recombination, four

68
Q

similarities of mitosis and meiosis

A
  1. They are both preceded by interphase (which includes DNA replication)
  2. They both divide according to a common pathway
    (prophase → metaphase → anaphase → telophase)
  3. They both split their cells via cytokinesis
69
Q

how many division of mitosis and meiosis

A

mitosis = one, meiosis = two

70
Q

creates gametes (egg and sperm cells).

A

meiosis

71
Q

is the process in which the parent cell divides twice into four daughter cells containing
half the original amount of genetic information, i.e., the daughter cells are haploid. The
gametes are produced by meiosis.

A

meiosis

72
Q

The resulting gametes have __ new
chromosomes, one member of each of the
__ pairs, representing unique combinations of
the original maternal and paternal copies.

A

23

73
Q

Meiosis can only occur in the following types of cell:

A
  1. zygotes 3. gametes
  2. skin cells 4. mitochondria
74
Q

includes crossing over

A

meiosis

75
Q

produces a new combination of traits and variations.

A

Crossing over

76
Q

The homologous chromosomes held together at points called

A

chiasmata
(singular:
chiasma).

77
Q

_____ of genetic material between non-sister chromatids can occur at these chiasmata
* As a result of this exchange of genetic material, new gene combinations are formed on ____

A

crossing over, chromatids (recombination)

78
Q

Once ____are formed, the homologous chromosomes condense as bivalents and then
are separated in meiosis.I

A

chiasmata

79
Q

when does interphase happen?

A

before mitosis

80
Q

uncoiled stringy DNA

A

chromatin

81
Q
A
82
Q

Which of the following are true statements?
A. DNA Replicates during Interphase.
B. Chromatin is made of DNA.
C. Genes are found on DNA.
D. All of the above

A

D. All of the above

83
Q

Why do organisms do mitosis?
A. To make more body cells, like skin cells or liver cells for example
B. To make gametes (sperm or eggs)
C. Just for fun!
D. All of the above

A

A. To make more body cells, like skin cells or liver cells for example

84
Q

Mitosis is divided into 4 phases:

A

Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase

85
Q

What happens during Metaphase in mitosis?
A. Chromosomes separate from one another.
B. Chromosomes line up single file down the middle of the cell.
C. Chromosomes become visible.
D. All of the above

A

B. Chromosomes line up single file down the middle of the cell.

86
Q

What happens in Anaphase in mitosis?
A. Sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite poles.
B. Chromosomes line up single file down the middle of the cell.
C. Nuclei re-form.
D. The nucleus disintegrates.

A

A. Sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite poles.

87
Q

What happens during Telophase in mitosis?
A. Each newly forming cell gets a nucleus.
B. Chromosomes uncoil to form chromatin.
C. 2 diploid body cells are being formed.
D. All of the above.

A

D. All of the above.

88
Q

After mitosis and cytokinesis are complete, which of the following are true?
A. 4 genetically different daughter cells have been produced.
B. 4 genetically identical daughter cells have been produced.
C. 2 genetically different daughter cells have been produced.
D. 2 genetically identical daughter cells have been produced.

A

D. 2 genetically identical daughter cells have been produced.

89
Q

Which of the following is true of Interphase?
A. It is part of Meiosis!
B. It occurs before Meiosis!
C. The cell does normal cell activities during interphase!
D. Both B and C!

A

D. Both B and C!

90
Q

Which of the following are true statements?
A. DNA Replicates during Interphase.
B. Chromatin is made of DNA.
C. Genes are found on DNA.
D. All of the above

A

D. All of the above

91
Q

Why do organisms do Meiosis?
A. To make more skin and muscle cells in their bodies
B. To make gametes (sperm or eggs)
C. Just for fun!
D. All of the above

A

B. To make gametes (sperm or eggs)

92
Q

What important events take place during PROPHASE I?
I. Chromatin condenses to form visible chromosomes.
II. The nucleus and nucleolus disintegrate.
Ill. Homologous chromosomes pair up to form Tetrads.
IV. Chromosomes line up down the middle of the cell.
A. I only
B. I, II and III
C. I and IV
D. I, II, III and IV

A

B. I, II and III

93
Q

What happens during Metaphase I?
A. Tetrads line up down the middle of the cell!
B. Chromatin condenses to form visible chromosomes!
C. Homologous chromosomes separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell!
D. All of the above.

A

A. Tetrads line up down the middle of the cell!

94
Q

What happens during Anaphase I?
A. Tetrads line up down the middle of the cell!
B. Chromatin condenses to form visible chromosomes!
C. All of the chromosomes separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell!
D. All of the above

A

C. All of the chromosomes separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell!

95
Q

What is one event that may occur during Telophase I?
A. Tetrads may line up down the middle of the cell!
B. Chromatin may condense to form visible chromosomes!
formed!
C. The nucleus of each cell may reappear as two independent cells are being formed
D. None of the above!

A

C. The nucleus of each cell may reappear as two independent cells are being formed

96
Q

Which of the following are true?
A. Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm to form two separate cells.
B. Cytokinesis may occur at the same time as Telophase I.
C. The two new cells produced at the end of Telophase I and Cytokinesis are haploid.
D. All of the above

A

D. All of the above

97
Q

How is Prophase II different than Prophase I?
A. Tetrads do NOT form in Prophase II
B. The nucleus does NOT go away during Prophase II.
C. There are NO chromosomes during Prophase II.
D. All of the above

A

A. Tetrads do NOT form in Prophase II

98
Q

What happens in Metaphase II?
A. Chromosomes separate from one another.
B. Chromosomes line up single file down the middle of the cell.
C. Tetrads (pairs of homologous chromosomes) line up down the middle of the cell
D. All of the above

A

B. Chromosomes line up single file down the middle of the cell.

99
Q

What happens in Anaphase II?
A. Sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite poles.
B. Chromosomes line up single file down the middle of the cell.
C. Nuclei re-form.
D. Tetrads split up and move toward opposite poles.

A

A. Sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite poles.

100
Q

What happens during Telophase II?
A. Each newly forming cell gets a nucleus.
B. Chromosomes uncoil to form chromatin.
C. 4 haploid gametes are being formed.
D. All of the above.

A

D. All of the above.

101
Q

What are the final results after Telophase II and Cytokinesis are finished?
A. 4 diploid gametes
2 diploid gametes
C. 4 haploid gametes
D. 2 haploid gametes

A

C. 4 haploid gametes

102
Q

is a tool that is used to predict the possible offspring (babies) of a genetic cross!

A

The Punnett Square

103
Q

What are chromosomes made of?
A. DNA
B. RNA
C. Sugar
D. Lipids

A

A. DNA

104
Q

Each cell at the end of Meiosis has ______
the number of
chromosomes as the cell at the start of meiosis.
A. double
B. half
C. one-fourth
D. three times

A

B. half

105
Q

Which of the following take place during INTERPHASE?
A. Protein Synthesis (proteins are made)
B. DNA Replication (DNA is copied)
C. Normal cell metabolism and activity
D. All of the above

A

D. All of the above

106
Q

Which phase of Meiosis when it formed a tetrad?
A. Anaphase lI
B. Telophase lI
C. Prophase I
D. Metaphase I

A

C. Prophase I

107
Q

The division of the cytoplasm as shown to the right is called

A. Prophase I
B. Metaphase I
C. Cytokinesis
D. Telophase Il

A

C. Cytokinesis

108
Q

Which organ forms part of human gastrointestinal tract?
A. Gallbladder
B. esophagus
C. liver
D. pancreas

A

B. esophagus

109
Q
A
110
Q

Which of the following statements
is correct?
A. Ingestion is taking food in through mouth, where mechanical digestion begins. Chemical digestion begins in the stomach, where food is further broken down into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and used by the body.
B. Ingestion is the process of taking in food through the mouth, where mechanical and chemical digestion begins to break down the food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and used by the body.
C. Ingestion is taking food in through the mouth, where mechanical and chemical digestion begins. Digestion in the stomach breaks down proteins present in food into smaller molecules.
D. Ingestion is the transfer of food from the mouth to the esophagus, where mechanical and chemical digestion begin to break down the food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and used by the body.

A

B. Ingestion is the process of taking in food through the mouth, where mechanical and chemical digestion begins to break down the food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and used by the body.

111
Q

The removal of human gall bladder interferes most directly with the
• production of gastric juice
• production of saliva
• storage of pancreatic juice
• storage of bile

A

• storage of bile

112
Q

In which organ does peristalsis
occur?
• liver
• pancreas
• oral cavity
• esophagus

A

• esophagus

113
Q

In humans, which of the following is true of carbohydrate digestion?

• It begins in the mouth and ends in the esophagus.
• It begins in the mouth and ends in the small intestine.
• It begins in the small intestine and
ends in the large intestine.
• It begins and ends in the small intestine.

A

• It begins in the mouth and ends in the small intestine.

114
Q

Which parts of the human
digestive system are digestive enzymes secreted?

• mouth, esophagus, stomach
• stomach, small intestine, large intestine
• mouth, stomach, small intestine
• esophagus, stomach, large intestine

A

• mouth, stomach, small intestine

115
Q

Which digestive structures
secrete digestive juices used for the digestion in the small intestine?

• gall bladder and salivary gland
• liver and pancreas
• liver and gall bladder
• pancreas and stomach

A

• liver and pancreas

116
Q

Which of the following is NOT an
accessory part of the digestive system?
• pancreas
• liver
• esophagus
• gall bladder

A

• esophagus

117
Q

Which of the following
statements accurately describes the efficiency of proteins as an energy source compared to carbohydrates and fats?

• Proteins are the most efficient energy source.
• Carbohydrates are less efficient than proteins.
• Fats are less efficient than proteins.
• Proteins are less efficient than carbohydrates and fats.

A

• Proteins are less efficient than carbohydrates and fats.

118
Q

Emulsifies fat

A

Bile

119
Q

Final digestion of fats

A

Lipase

120
Q

begins chemical digestion of carbohydrates

A

Salivary amylase

121
Q

Final digestion of proteins

A

Peptidase

122
Q

final digestion of carbohydrates

A

sucrase, lactase, & maltase

exam (9 decks)

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