biology Flashcards
Humans are ______ , they must ingest the nutrients they need, including carbohydrates,
proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water.
heterotrophs
_____, ______, _____ are made up of
large molecules that must be broken down into simpler forms so that they can be absorbed and
used by the cells.
Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins
______, ______, ______are made up of small molecules that can be
absorbed without digestion.
Vitamins, minerals, and water
Organs of the digestive system are divided into 2 main groups:
the gastrointestinal tract (GI
tract) and accessory structures
is a continuous tube extending from the mouth to the anus – it consists of the
mouth, oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus.
GI tract
include the teeth, tongue (in oral cavity), salivary glands, liver,
gallbladder, and pancreas.
Accessory structures
Steps in Digestion
Ingestion, Digestion, absorption, assimilation, egestion
taking in of food
through the mouth.
ingestion
which involves
secretion of enzymes for chemical
breakdown of food as well as mechanical
(physical) digestion of food.
Digestion
the passage of
digested food through the intestinal walls
to the blood.
absorption
- Assimilation, the utilization of
smaller particles of nutrients by body
cells.
assimilation
- Egestion, the elimination of
undigested food through the anus.
egestion
makes bile
liver
produce digestive juices in the mouth
salivary glands
churns food and adds digestive juices
stomach
where digestion begins
mouth
removes water and stores solid waste
large intestine
produces digestive juices for final digestion
pancreas
break, grind food into pieces
teeth
site of final digestion; absorbs digested food
small intestine
bile storage
gall bladder
are
stored in the body’s fatty tissue and liver. They help with
processes such as maintaining healthy vision, skin, and
bones, and they support the immune system
Fat-soluble vitamins (Vitamins A, D, E, and K)
are not stored in the body and must be
consumed more regularly. They are crucial for energy
metabolism, making red blood cells, and supporting the
nervous and immune systems
Water-soluble vitamins (Vitamin C and all B
vitamins)
are inorganic elements that are crucial for various physiological processes in the
body.
* _____ are needed in larger amounts
* ______ are required in smaller quantities.
Minerals, Macrominerals, Trace minerals
Vital for strong bones and teeth, muscle contraction, and nerve function
calcuim
helps form bones and teeth and is involved in energy metabolism
phosphorus
Essential for fluid balance, nerve transmission, and muscle contraction
potassium
Key electrolytes for maintaining fluid balance in the body
sodium and chloride
Important for bone health, protein synthesis, muscle contraction, and
nerve transmission
magnesium
Integral part of hemoglobin in red blood cells, carrying
oxygen; necessary for energy metabolism
Iron
Involved in enzyme function, protein synthesis, wound
healing, and immune system health
zinc
Required for iron metabolism and is part of many
enzymes
copper
Essential for thyroid hormone production, which
regulates growth, development, and metabolism
iodine
examples of macrominerals
calcium, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium
examples of trace minerals
iron, zinc, copper, iodine
also known as lipids, are an essential part of the diet and serve several key functions in the body
fats
Fats provide a dense source of energy, offering 9 calories per gram.
-are stored in adipose tissue and can be broken down to release energy when
needed
energy storage
Fats help to insulate the body to maintain body temperature and protect
vital organs against shock
insulation and protection
Fats are a major component of cell membranes, contributing to cell
structure and function
cell membrane structure
Fats are involved in the creation of hormones that regulate various bodily
processes, such as growth, immune function, and reproduction
hormone production
Fats aid in the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K), which are
crucial for health
vitamin absorption
Essential fatty acids are important for cognitive function and brain health
brain function
supply energy to all cells in the body.
carbohydrates
Most dietary carbohydrates are digested and broken down
into ____ and enters the bloodstream and is taken up by cells.
glucose
Sometimes food can take ____ days to be fully digested and
absorbed by the body
2 or 3 days
the body parts
involved in the digestion
process
- The mouth
- esophagus
- Stomach
- Small intestine
- Colon
- Anus
is secreted from salivary
glands in the mouth. It contains the
enzyme amylase which helps break
down starch into simple sugars
saliva
When food is swallowed, the muscles in the
esophagus contract and relax, helping to push
the food down into the stomach. These waves
of muscular contractions which move food
along the digestive system are called ___
peristalsis
Each mouthful of food takes about ___ seconds
to reach the stomach once it is swallowed.
six
When the food has been churned into a creamy
mixture known as ____, it passes gradually into
the small intestine.
chyme
Food can spend up to ____ hours in the stomach.
2 or 3 hours
is a tube about 6
meters long
small intestine
The first section of the small intestine
is called the _____, followed by
____ and ____.
duodenum, jejunum and ileum
food is mixed with
pancreatic juice from the pancreas
which decreases the acidity of the
stomach juices.
duodenum
are produced in the liver
and stored in the gall bladder to help
break down fat in the small intestine.
bile salts
After the ____ has passed into the
duodenum some of the nutrients can pass
through the wall of the villi into the
bloodstream or lymphatic system.
chyme
absorbs most of the
nutrients.
The small intestine
shorter than the small intestine.
colon
ferment the remaining food and
produce some molecules and gases.
bacteria
In eukaryotic cells, the production
of new cells occurs as a result of
mitosis and meiosis.
Both mitosis and meiosis processes involve the division of a _____, or a cell containing two
sets of chromosomes (one chromosome donated from each parent).
diploid cell
In mitosis, _______ in a cell is duplicated and divided equally
between two cells.
the genetic material (DNA)
The dividing cell goes through an ordered series of events called the ____
cell
cycle.
_____ of the body
replicate by mitosis. Examples of it include fat cells, blood cells, skin cells, or
any body cell that is not a sex cell.
somatic cells
is necessary to replace dead cells, damaged cells,
or cells that have short life spans.
mitosis
is the process by which gametes (sex cells) are generated in organisms
that reproduce sexually.
meiosis
Gametes are produced in male and female gonads and contain
one-half the number of chromosomes as the original cell. New gene combinations are
introduced in a population through the _____ that occurs during meiosis.
Thus, unlike the two genetically identical cells produced in mitosis, the meiotic cell cycle
produces ____cells that are genetically different.
genetic recombination, four
similarities of mitosis and meiosis
- They are both preceded by interphase (which includes DNA replication)
- They both divide according to a common pathway
(prophase → metaphase → anaphase → telophase) - They both split their cells via cytokinesis
how many division of mitosis and meiosis
mitosis = one, meiosis = two
creates gametes (egg and sperm cells).
meiosis
is the process in which the parent cell divides twice into four daughter cells containing
half the original amount of genetic information, i.e., the daughter cells are haploid. The
gametes are produced by meiosis.
meiosis
The resulting gametes have __ new
chromosomes, one member of each of the
__ pairs, representing unique combinations of
the original maternal and paternal copies.
23
Meiosis can only occur in the following types of cell:
- zygotes 3. gametes
- skin cells 4. mitochondria
includes crossing over
meiosis
produces a new combination of traits and variations.
Crossing over
The homologous chromosomes held together at points called
chiasmata
(singular:
chiasma).
_____ of genetic material between non-sister chromatids can occur at these chiasmata
* As a result of this exchange of genetic material, new gene combinations are formed on ____
crossing over, chromatids (recombination)
Once ____are formed, the homologous chromosomes condense as bivalents and then
are separated in meiosis.I
chiasmata
when does interphase happen?
before mitosis
uncoiled stringy DNA
chromatin
Which of the following are true statements?
A. DNA Replicates during Interphase.
B. Chromatin is made of DNA.
C. Genes are found on DNA.
D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Why do organisms do mitosis?
A. To make more body cells, like skin cells or liver cells for example
B. To make gametes (sperm or eggs)
C. Just for fun!
D. All of the above
A. To make more body cells, like skin cells or liver cells for example
Mitosis is divided into 4 phases:
Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
What happens during Metaphase in mitosis?
A. Chromosomes separate from one another.
B. Chromosomes line up single file down the middle of the cell.
C. Chromosomes become visible.
D. All of the above
B. Chromosomes line up single file down the middle of the cell.
What happens in Anaphase in mitosis?
A. Sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite poles.
B. Chromosomes line up single file down the middle of the cell.
C. Nuclei re-form.
D. The nucleus disintegrates.
A. Sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite poles.
What happens during Telophase in mitosis?
A. Each newly forming cell gets a nucleus.
B. Chromosomes uncoil to form chromatin.
C. 2 diploid body cells are being formed.
D. All of the above.
D. All of the above.
After mitosis and cytokinesis are complete, which of the following are true?
A. 4 genetically different daughter cells have been produced.
B. 4 genetically identical daughter cells have been produced.
C. 2 genetically different daughter cells have been produced.
D. 2 genetically identical daughter cells have been produced.
D. 2 genetically identical daughter cells have been produced.
Which of the following is true of Interphase?
A. It is part of Meiosis!
B. It occurs before Meiosis!
C. The cell does normal cell activities during interphase!
D. Both B and C!
D. Both B and C!
Which of the following are true statements?
A. DNA Replicates during Interphase.
B. Chromatin is made of DNA.
C. Genes are found on DNA.
D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Why do organisms do Meiosis?
A. To make more skin and muscle cells in their bodies
B. To make gametes (sperm or eggs)
C. Just for fun!
D. All of the above
B. To make gametes (sperm or eggs)
What important events take place during PROPHASE I?
I. Chromatin condenses to form visible chromosomes.
II. The nucleus and nucleolus disintegrate.
Ill. Homologous chromosomes pair up to form Tetrads.
IV. Chromosomes line up down the middle of the cell.
A. I only
B. I, II and III
C. I and IV
D. I, II, III and IV
B. I, II and III
What happens during Metaphase I?
A. Tetrads line up down the middle of the cell!
B. Chromatin condenses to form visible chromosomes!
C. Homologous chromosomes separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell!
D. All of the above.
A. Tetrads line up down the middle of the cell!
What happens during Anaphase I?
A. Tetrads line up down the middle of the cell!
B. Chromatin condenses to form visible chromosomes!
C. All of the chromosomes separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell!
D. All of the above
C. All of the chromosomes separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell!
What is one event that may occur during Telophase I?
A. Tetrads may line up down the middle of the cell!
B. Chromatin may condense to form visible chromosomes!
formed!
C. The nucleus of each cell may reappear as two independent cells are being formed
D. None of the above!
C. The nucleus of each cell may reappear as two independent cells are being formed
Which of the following are true?
A. Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm to form two separate cells.
B. Cytokinesis may occur at the same time as Telophase I.
C. The two new cells produced at the end of Telophase I and Cytokinesis are haploid.
D. All of the above
D. All of the above
How is Prophase II different than Prophase I?
A. Tetrads do NOT form in Prophase II
B. The nucleus does NOT go away during Prophase II.
C. There are NO chromosomes during Prophase II.
D. All of the above
A. Tetrads do NOT form in Prophase II
What happens in Metaphase II?
A. Chromosomes separate from one another.
B. Chromosomes line up single file down the middle of the cell.
C. Tetrads (pairs of homologous chromosomes) line up down the middle of the cell
D. All of the above
B. Chromosomes line up single file down the middle of the cell.
What happens in Anaphase II?
A. Sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite poles.
B. Chromosomes line up single file down the middle of the cell.
C. Nuclei re-form.
D. Tetrads split up and move toward opposite poles.
A. Sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite poles.
What happens during Telophase II?
A. Each newly forming cell gets a nucleus.
B. Chromosomes uncoil to form chromatin.
C. 4 haploid gametes are being formed.
D. All of the above.
D. All of the above.
What are the final results after Telophase II and Cytokinesis are finished?
A. 4 diploid gametes
2 diploid gametes
C. 4 haploid gametes
D. 2 haploid gametes
C. 4 haploid gametes
is a tool that is used to predict the possible offspring (babies) of a genetic cross!
The Punnett Square
What are chromosomes made of?
A. DNA
B. RNA
C. Sugar
D. Lipids
A. DNA
Each cell at the end of Meiosis has ______
the number of
chromosomes as the cell at the start of meiosis.
A. double
B. half
C. one-fourth
D. three times
B. half
Which of the following take place during INTERPHASE?
A. Protein Synthesis (proteins are made)
B. DNA Replication (DNA is copied)
C. Normal cell metabolism and activity
D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Which phase of Meiosis when it formed a tetrad?
A. Anaphase lI
B. Telophase lI
C. Prophase I
D. Metaphase I
C. Prophase I
The division of the cytoplasm as shown to the right is called
A. Prophase I
B. Metaphase I
C. Cytokinesis
D. Telophase Il
C. Cytokinesis
Which organ forms part of human gastrointestinal tract?
A. Gallbladder
B. esophagus
C. liver
D. pancreas
B. esophagus
Which of the following statements
is correct?
A. Ingestion is taking food in through mouth, where mechanical digestion begins. Chemical digestion begins in the stomach, where food is further broken down into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and used by the body.
B. Ingestion is the process of taking in food through the mouth, where mechanical and chemical digestion begins to break down the food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and used by the body.
C. Ingestion is taking food in through the mouth, where mechanical and chemical digestion begins. Digestion in the stomach breaks down proteins present in food into smaller molecules.
D. Ingestion is the transfer of food from the mouth to the esophagus, where mechanical and chemical digestion begin to break down the food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and used by the body.
B. Ingestion is the process of taking in food through the mouth, where mechanical and chemical digestion begins to break down the food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and used by the body.
The removal of human gall bladder interferes most directly with the
• production of gastric juice
• production of saliva
• storage of pancreatic juice
• storage of bile
• storage of bile
In which organ does peristalsis
occur?
• liver
• pancreas
• oral cavity
• esophagus
• esophagus
In humans, which of the following is true of carbohydrate digestion?
• It begins in the mouth and ends in the esophagus.
• It begins in the mouth and ends in the small intestine.
• It begins in the small intestine and
ends in the large intestine.
• It begins and ends in the small intestine.
• It begins in the mouth and ends in the small intestine.
Which parts of the human
digestive system are digestive enzymes secreted?
• mouth, esophagus, stomach
• stomach, small intestine, large intestine
• mouth, stomach, small intestine
• esophagus, stomach, large intestine
• mouth, stomach, small intestine
Which digestive structures
secrete digestive juices used for the digestion in the small intestine?
• gall bladder and salivary gland
• liver and pancreas
• liver and gall bladder
• pancreas and stomach
• liver and pancreas
Which of the following is NOT an
accessory part of the digestive system?
• pancreas
• liver
• esophagus
• gall bladder
• esophagus
Which of the following
statements accurately describes the efficiency of proteins as an energy source compared to carbohydrates and fats?
• Proteins are the most efficient energy source.
• Carbohydrates are less efficient than proteins.
• Fats are less efficient than proteins.
• Proteins are less efficient than carbohydrates and fats.
• Proteins are less efficient than carbohydrates and fats.
Emulsifies fat
Bile
Final digestion of fats
Lipase
begins chemical digestion of carbohydrates
Salivary amylase
Final digestion of proteins
Peptidase
final digestion of carbohydrates
sucrase, lactase, & maltase
