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Biology Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

Your hormones control and regulate:

A
  1. Reproduction
  2. Metabolism and energy balance
  3. Growth and development
  4. Body defenses
  5. General homeostasis and water, nutrient, and electrolyte balance of the blood.
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2
Q

What does the endocrine system do?

A

Produces, releases, and re-absorbs hormones
Hormones move slowly and produce a long-lasting, widespread effect.

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3
Q

Endocrine system glands and organs:

A

In the brain:
-Pineal gland
-Hypothalamus
-Pituitary gland (master gland)
In the neck:
-Thyroid gland
-Parathyroid gland
Upper chest:
-Thymus
Above kidneys:
-Adrenal glands
Organs:
-Pancreas
-Gonads
-Placenta

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4
Q

What is a gland?

A

Is any structure that makes and secretes a hormone.

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5
Q

What are the chemical properties of hormones?

A
  1. Amino acid-based hormones
    - Most hormones are aa based
    -Water soluble
    -Can’t go through the lipid membrane
  2. Hormones synthesized from cholesterol
    -Lipid soluble
    -Can go through the lipid membrane
    -Gonadal and adrenocortical hormones are steroids synthesized from cholesterol.
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6
Q

T/F?
A hormone can trigger a reaction in any cell

A

FALSE
- A hormone can only trigger a reaction in specific cells called target cells that have the right receptors

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7
Q

T/F?
Hormones keep your body in homeostasis

A

TRUE

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8
Q

Hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary (and made by the hypothalamus)

A
  1. Oxytocin- important for uterine contractions
  2. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)- Stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb water.
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9
Q

Hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary

A
  1. Growth hormone
  2. Prolactin (PRL)- promotes milk production
  3. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)- stimulates the thyroid to produce thyroid hormone
  4. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)- Stimulates gonads to make gametes
  5. Luteinizing hormone- stimulates gonads to make androgens
  6. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)- Stimulates the adrenal cortex to release hormones.
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10
Q

Hormones secreted by pineal gland

A

Melatonin- Helps regulate circadian rhythm and its involved with our sleep cycle.

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11
Q

Hormones secreted by the thyroid

A
  1. Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3) - major roles in metabolic processes.
  2. Calcitonin- lowers the blood calcium levels
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12
Q

Hormones secreted by parathyroid

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)- raises blood calcium levels

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13
Q

Hormones secreted by the thymus

A

Thymosin- stimulates the making of T-cells

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14
Q

Hormones secreted by Adrenal Glands (Adrenal Medulla)

A
  1. Epinephrine and Norepinephrine- Involved in the flight or flight response
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15
Q

Hormones secreted by adrenal glands (adrenal cortex)

A
  1. Glucocorticoids (example: cortisol)- Plays a role in stress and inflammation. Can increase blood glucose levels.
    2.Mineralocorticoids- (example: aldosterone) critical for the reabsorption of sodium and the excretion of potassium.
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16
Q

Hormones secreted by pancreas

A
  1. Insulin- tells body cells to take in glucose
  2. Glucagon- helps raise blood glucose levels. it can do this by stimulating the liver to concentrate its glycogen into glucose.
17
Q

Hormones secreted by gonads

A

Ovaries
1. Estrogen- Promotes uterine lining growth and female secondary sex characteristics.
2. Progesterone- promotes uterine lining growth and keep it maintained which is critical for fetal development.
Testes
1. Androgens (example: testosterone)- help with making sperm cells and the development of male secondary sex characteristics

18
Q

Muscle tissue types

A
  1. Cardiac muscle
  2. Smooth muscle
  3. Skeletal mucle
19
Q

Cardiac muscle characteristics

A

-it is in the heart
-the muscle fibers are branched and striated
-each fiber has a nucleus
- at the end of the fibers we find the intercalated discs which are involved in helping the cardiac muscle tissue contract in an organized, wave-like pattern.
-muscle tissue control is involuntary

20
Q

Smooth muscle characteristics

A

-it does not have striations (its smooth)
-each fiber has one nucleus
-they are spindle-shapped (wide at the middle then taper at both ends)
-found in the walls of all your hollow visceral organs: digestive system, arteries and veins, bladder, eyes
-movements is involuntary (contracting and relaxing)

21
Q

Skeletal muscle characteristics

A

-is what attaches to bone or skin
- voluntary control
-are striated
- fibers are long cylinders that are multinucleated
- it can create movement by pulling bones in different directions as they contract.

22
Q

TRUE OR FALSE
Each muscle has its own personal nerve to stimulate contraction, and it’s own artery and vein to give it nutrients.

A

TRUE

23
Q

Muscle characteristics

A

-Muscle tissue turns chemical potential energy into mechanical energy (or movement), simply by contracting and relaxing.
- extensibility= it can stretch and extend
-elasticity= retract back to its starting length.
-excitability= calls have the ability to be stimulated
-contractability= contract, make shorter

24
Q

Essential proteins for causing muscle contraction

A

-Actin= thin filaments
-Myosin= thick filaments

25
Q

Muscle fibers

A

-composed of multiple myofibrils
-have mitochondria, multiple nuclei, and a cellular membrane called sacrolemma

MCAT (6 decks)

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