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Biology 1 (Lecture) > Biology 1 Chapter 6 (Lecture) > Flashcards

Biology 1 Chapter 6 (Lecture) Flashcards

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1
Q

Cell

A

The simplest unit of function in a larger system.

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2
Q

All organisms are made up of…

A

Cells

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3
Q

4 Kinds of Microscopes

A
  1. Light Microscope
  2. Electron Microscope
  3. Scanning Electron Micrscope (SEM)
  4. Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
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4
Q

Cytology

A

The study of cell structure.

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5
Q

Biochemistry

A

The study of molecules and chemical processes (metabolism) of cells.

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6
Q

Cell Fractionation

A

The technique for studying cell structure and function. It takes cells apart and separates the major organelles and other subcellular structures from one another.

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7
Q

4 Characteristics of All Cells

A
  1. Plasma Membrane: selective barrier which surrounds cells.
  2. Cytosol: semifluid, jellylike substance in which organelles and other components are found.
  3. All contain chromosomes which carry genes in form of DNA.
  4. All have ribosomes: tiny complexes that makes proteins according to instructions from the genes.
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8
Q

Organelles

A

Membrane enclosed compartments within the cells.

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9
Q

The major difference between eukarytic and prokaryotic cells is…

A

Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles. Prokaryotic cells do not.

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10
Q

Cytoplasm

A

The region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane in the eukaryotic cell and the interior of a prokaryotic cell.

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11
Q

Plasme Membrane

A

A selective barrier which allows or restricts passage of O2, nutrients and wastes in and out of the cell.

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12
Q

Do larger organisms have larger cells?

A

No

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13
Q

What contains most of the DNA?

A

The Nucleus

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14
Q

What is the most conspicuous organelle?

A

The Nucleus

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15
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A

Encloses the nucleus. It is a double membrane which is a lipid bilayer with the associated proteins.

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16
Q

Pore Complex

A

The protein structure that lines the pores between the 2 membranes of the envelope that regulates entry and exit of protein and RNA and other macromolecules.

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17
Q

Nuclear Lamina

A

A netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of nucleus by mechanically supporting nuclear envelope. It lines the nuclear side of the envelope except at the pores.

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18
Q

Chromosomes

A

Discrete units into which DNA is organized. These structures carry genetic information.

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19
Q

Chromatin

A

DNA + proteins (this is what makes up the chromosomes)

20
Q

Human cell has __ chromosomes. (not sex cells)

A

46 Chromosomes

21
Q

Sex cells have __ chromosomes.

A

23 Chromosomes

22
Q

Nucleolus

A

The most prominent structure in the nucleus.

  1. Where ribosomal RNA is synthesized
  2. Can be 2 or more nucleoli
23
Q

***Ribosomes***

A

Complexes made of ribosomal RNA and proteins. These are the cellular components that carry out protein synthesis.

  1. Proteins are built in 2 cytoplasmic locales
    1. Free ribosomes are suspended in the cytosol.
    2. Bound ribosomes are attached to outside of E.R. or nuclear envelope.
24
Q

The Endomembrane System

A

Involved in the transport of proteins into membrane and organelles or out of the cell. Also the metabolism and movement of lipids and the detoxification of poisons.

25
Q

The Endomembrane System includes (6)

A
  1. Nuclear Envelope
  2. Endoplasmic Reticulum
  3. Golgi Apparatus
  4. Lysosomes
  5. Vaculoles
  6. Plasma Membrane
26
Q

The Endoplasmic Reticulum (E.R.)

A
  1. Extensive network of membranes
  2. Accounts for more than half of total membranes in eukaryotic cells
  3. The E.R. membrane separates internal compartment from cytosol
  4. It is continuous with the nuclear envelope
  5. Two Regions of E.R.
    1. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
    2. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
27
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

A

Outer surface lacks ribosomes.

  1. Synthesis of lipids
  2. Metabolism of carbohydrates (CHO)
  3. Detoxification of drugs and poisons
  4. ***Stores Ca2+***
28
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

A

Outer surface has ribosomes.

  1. Produce secretory proteins. Such as pancreatic cells synthesize the protein insulin on the ER ans secrete this hormone into the bloodstream (Vesicles in transit from one part of the cell to another are called transit vesicles.)
  2. A membrane factory for the cell
29
Q

Gogi Apparatus

A

The center of Manufacturing, Warehousing (Storing), Sorting, and Shipping.

  1. Functions of Golgi Apparatus
    1. Modifies products of the ER
    2. Manufactures certain macromolecules.
  2. Consists of flattened membranous sacs called cisternae which are not physically connected (this is unlike the ER membranes)
  3. Has two compartments
    1. cis: receiving department
    2. trans: shipping department
30
Q

Lysosomes

A

Membranous sacs of hydrolytic enzymes that digest macromolecules. These enzymes can hydrolyze proteins, fats, polysaccharides and nucleic acids.

  1. Phagocytosis
  2. Autophagy
31
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Some types of cell can engulf another cell by phagocytosis; this forms a food vacuole

32
Q

Autophagy

A

Lysosomes also use enzymes to recycle the cell’s own organelles and macromolecules, a process called autophagy

33
Q

Vacuoles

A

Membrane bound vesicles whose functions vary in different kinds of cells.

  1. Food Vacuoles
  2. Contractile Vacuoles
  3. Central Vacuoles
34
Q

Food Vacuoles

A

Formed by phagocytosis

35
Q

Contractile Vacuoles

A

Found in many freshwater protists, pump excess water out of cells

36
Q

Central Vacuoles

A

Found in many mature plant cells, hold organic compounds and water

37
Q

Mitochondria are the site of..

A

cellular respiration which generates ATP by extracting energy from sugar, fats, and other fuels in the presence of O2

38
Q

Chloroplasts

A

In plants and algae, are the site of photosynthesis.

39
Q

Separate Membranes of Mitochondria

A

2

40
Q

Separate Membranes of Chloroplasts

A

3

41
Q

Membrane proteins are made by…

A

Free ribosomes in mitochondria; contain small amounts of DNA

42
Q

Peroxisome

A

Oxidative organelles

43
Q

Often, cells have thousands of…

A

Mitochondria

44
Q

Darn

King

Philip

Came

Over

From

Germany

Saturday

A

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

45
Q

3 Domains of Life

A
  • Bacteria (Prokaryotic)
  • Archnea (Prokaryotic)
  • Eukarya (Eukaryotic)
    • Protists
    • Fungus
    • Animals
    • Plants
46
Q

4 Kingdoms of Eukarya

A
  • Protists
  • Fungus
  • Animals
  • Plants

Biology 1 (Lecture) (14 decks)

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