Biology 1 Chapter 4 (Lecture) Flashcards
Organisms are made up of chemicals that are based mostly on the element ___
Carbon
Organic Compounds
Compounds that contain carbon.
Organic Chemistry
The branch of chemistry that specializes in the study of carbon compounds.
The key to Carbon’s versatility
Is due to its electron configuration. It has 4 valence electrons that make it tend to form COVALENT bonds with or atoms by sharing its 4 electrons with other atoms. This may include SINGLE or DOUBLE bonds.
Carbon’s most frequent partners
Oxygen, Hydrogen, & Nitrogen
Carbon skeletons may vary in
1) Length
2) Branching
3) Double Bonds
4) Rings
CO2
O=C=O
Hydrocarbons
Organic molecules that consist of only C and H atoms. They are a major component of petroluem and fats (have long hydrocarbon tails). Neither hydrocarbons nor fats are soluble in water. They are hydrophobic; bonds are nonpolar. They can undergo reactions that release large amounts of energy.
Isomers
Compounds that have the same number of atoms of the same elements but different structures and hence different properties.
1) Structural Isomers
2) Geometric Isomers
3) Enantiomers
Structural Isomers
Differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms.
Geometric Isomers
Have the same covalent partnerships, but differ in spatial arrangement due to inflexibility of the double bond.
1) Cis
2) Trans
Encantiomers
Mirror images; usually one biologically active; one inactive
Asymmetrical
The carbon attached to 4 different atoms or groups of atoms.
Functional Groups
Chemical groups that participate in chemical reactions in a characteristic way, from one organic molecule to another.
7 Chemical Groups that are important in biological processes
1) Methyl
2) Phosphate
3) Sulfhydryl
4) Amino
5) Carboxyl
6) Carbonyl
7) Hydroxyl
All 7 groups are…
Polar thus increasing the solubility of organic compounds in water.
ATP
The organic phosphate has three phosphates present. When it reacts with water in the cell, a Phosphate is “split off” and energy is released. This energy is used in many cellular reactions.
Phosphates Group
O
||
Structure: -O-P-O-
||
O-
Name: Organic Phosphate
Ex: Glyceral Phosphate
Functional Properties: Contributes regular charge to molecules it is a part of. Has potential to react with water to release energy.
Amino Group
H
/
Structure: -N
\
H
(-NH2)
Name: Amines
Ex: Glycine (Both amino & carboxylic acids)
Functional Properties: Acts as a base, Can pick up H+ from solution.
Carboxyl Group
O
//
Structure: -C
\
OH
(-COOH)
Name: Carboxylic Acid
Ex: Acetic Acid (Vinegar)
Functional Properties: Acidic properties. This H can split off. H+ would increase [H+] in solution.
Sulfhydryl Group
Structure: -SH
Name: Thiois
Ex: Cysteine
Functional Properties: 2 Sulfhydryl groups can react forming covalent bond, helps to stabilize proteins. (Perms in hair)
Hydroxyl Group
Structure: R-C-OH
Name: Alcohols
Ex: Ethanol
Function Properties: Polar. Can form H bonds with water molecules helping them dissolve.
Carbonyl Group
Structures: C=O and R-C=O
Names : C=O is Ketones (If C=O with C skeleton) and Aldehydes (If C=O is at the end)
Ex: Acetone (Ketones) and Propanol (Aldehydes)
Function Properties: Found in sugars.
Flow of information in eukaryotic cells (Chapter 5)
DNA→RNA→Proteins
Glycerol phosphate (Functional Group Example)
Phosphate
Glycine (Functional Group Example)
Amino (Both carboxylic and amino)
Acetic Acid (Functional Group Example)
Carboxyl
Cysteine (Functional Group Example)
Sulhydral
Alcohols (Functional Group Example)
Hydroxyl
Acetone (Functional Group Example)
Carbonyl (Ketones)
Propanol (Functional Group Example)
Carbonyl (Aldehydes)
