Biological Molecules Flashcards
What are the two types of carbohydrates?
Complex Carbohydrates and Simple sugars
What are carbohydrates made of? (Both Complex Carbs and Simple Sugars are made of this)
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
Simple sugars are…
Sweet tasting, Soluble in water, and supply energy for respiration
What are single units of sugar called?
Monosaccharides
What are two sugar molecules joined together called?
Disaccharides
What is the equation for respiration? (Balanced symbol equation and Word equation)
6O2 + C6H12O6 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O
Oxygen + Glucose –> Carbon Dioxide + Water
Complex carbohydrates are…
Made of thousands of glucose molecules, Storage molecules (Starch-Plants and Glycogen-Animals) and Insoluble
Name three types of simple sugars (Clue: Glucose)
Glucose, Fructose, Sucrose
What are Proteins composed of?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen
Proteins are made up of… (Clue: There are 20 of them)
Amino Acids
State the process of amino acids
- Plants make amino acids
- String together to make protein
- Digest protein body breaks them down into individual amino acids
- Your cells string amino acids into a new order
What are lipids composed of?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
What are fatty acids? (Clue: To do with lipids)
Saturated fats and Unsaturated fats
What state are saturated fats at room temperature?
Solid (Fats)
What state are unsaturated fats at room temperature?
Liquid (Oils)
What are the two types of molecules that all Lipids are made from?
Glycerol and 3 Fatty Acids
What is the test for glucose and what is the method?
Benedict’s test for glucose
- Add Benedict’s solution to the liquid
- Heat using water bath at 60 degrees
- If glucose is present colour will change from Blue–>Brick Red
What is the test for starch and what is the method?
Iodine test for starch
1. Add 2-5 drops of iodine solution
2. If starch is present colour will change from
Brown–>Blue/Black
What is the test for proteins and what is the method?
Biuret reagent test for proteins
1. Add 2-5 drops of Biuret reagent
2. If protein is present colour will change from
Pale blue–>Purple
What is the test for lipids and what is the method?
Emulsion test for lipids
- Add 2cm-3cm of ethanol to the substance
- Add the solution to a boiling tube of water
- If lipids are present a white milk like emulsion will form
Define a catalyst
A chemical which increases the rate of reaction without being used up itself
What is a catabolic reaction?
Breaks down large molecules into smaller products
What is a anabolic reaction?
Making large molecules from smaller substrates
How do Enzymes work (Clue: A theory)
Lock and Key Theory
The ______ acts as the “key” and the _______ acts as the “lock”
The SUBSTRATE acts as the “key” and the “ACTIVE SITE” acts as the “lock”
What is the optimum temperature of enzymes?
40 degrees
What happens if the enzyme goes past the optimum temperature?
Enzyme denatures
Why does increase in temperature cause enzymes to react faster?
- Particles vibrate faster
- Therefore more kinetic energy
- More successful collisions between active sight and substrate
What does a rise of 10 degrees do to the rate of reaction?
Rate of reaction doubles every 10 degrees
If a substrate has a large surface area how will this effect enzyme reaction rate?
- There is more substrate accessible to the enzyme
- More successful collisions between active sight and substrate
If the concentration of a substrate and enzyme increases, what will happen to the rate of reaction?
- There is more substrate and enzyme in a given volume
- More successful collisions between active sight and substrate
How does pH effect the enzymes rate of reaction?
- Each enzyme has its own optimum pH
- Most are around 7
- But Pepsin works best at pH 2
- Extreme pH can permanently denature a protein
What does bile do to a large fat droplet in the small intestine?
- Bile emulsifies fat
- This increases surface area
- Which increases rate of fat digestion by (enzyme) lipase
Why are viruses not classified as living organisms?
- They can only reproduce inside the cells of other organisms
- They produce no waste products
- They do not respond to stimuli
