Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

biology > Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Biological Molecules Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define metabolism

A

The sum total of auto biochemical reactions taking place in the cells of an organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define monomer

A

Single small molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define polymers

A

Large molecules made of many similar monomers covalent bonded together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the key biological molecules?

A

Carbohydrates / proteins / lipids / nucleic acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Name the polymer and monomer of carbs

A

Polymer - polysaccharides
Monomer - monosaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Name the polymer and monomer of proteins

A

Polymer - polypeptides
Monomer- amino acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Name a polymer and monomer of nucleic acids

A

Polymer-polynucleotide
Monomer- nucleic acid / nucleotide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is anabolism?

A

Building up large molecules from smaller ones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are catabolic reactions?

A

Breaking down large molecules to form small ones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is a condensation reaction?

A

The chemical reaction that combines biological monomers
A new covalent bond formed with a water molecule released

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

A

Splitting large molecules into smaller ones
A covalent bond’s broken and a water molecule is used

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are carbohydrates used for?

A

ATP production for use in respiration
To be stored as glycogen in the. Liver and muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the most common type of carbohydrate?
Give its structure and key facts.

A

The most common carbohydrate is glucose
Glucose is a polar molecule meaning it is water soluble
Glucose is a hexose sugar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the most common type of carbohydrate?
Give its structure and key facts.

A

The most common carbohydrate is glucose
Glucose is a polar molecule meaning it is water soluble
Glucose is a hexose sugar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is an isomer?

A

Molecules that have the same chemical formula
Alpha + beta glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is alpha glucose?

A

On alpha glucose the hydroxyl group is on carbon 1
Used for energy storage forming nighty branched polymers - glycogen
Starch + glycogen
Water soluble

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is beta glucose?

A

The hydroxyl group found on carbon 1 is above the ring structure
Forms plane cell walls and cellulose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Draw the condensation reaction between 2 alpha glucose monomers to form the disaccharide maltose

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the bond between 2 carbohydrates called?
What’s the bond between z alpha glucose monomers called?

A

Glycosidic bond
1-4 glycosidic bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is starch an example of?

A

Starch is an example of a polysaccharide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the structure of starch?

A

Large polysaccharide joined by glycosidic bonds
Insoluble, coiled and compact molecules
Amylose alpha glucose monomers joined by 1-4 glycosidic bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is amylopectin?

A

Is a branched polymer with the 1,4 glycosidic bonds between the alpha glucose and glycosidicbonds former between C1 and C6 adjacent alpha glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the function of starch?

A

Easily transported and used in respiration when hydrolysed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is glycogen?

A

a polysaccharide found in animals and bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is the structure of starch?

A

large insoluble polysaccharide formed by condensation between alpha glucose with both 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds
highly branched so that they glycosidic bonds can be rapidlly hydrolysed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is the fucntion of glycogen?

A

can be easily transported and used in respiration once hydrolysed by enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

do polysaccharides affect the potential?

A

they do not as they are highly coiled and isoluble
if they did - the water potential would decrease, water molecules would move into the cell and the cells would burst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what are the uses of proteins?

A

enyzmes / structural functions / hormones - insulin / hormone receptors / antiodies / antigens / transport proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what are proteins made from?

A

amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what are 1, 2 and 3?

A

1 - amine group (NH2)
2- variable group (changes per amino acid)
3- carboxyl group (COOH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

how many amic acids are there and how are they joined together?

A

there are 20 naturally occuring amino acids
they are joined together by peptide bonds

32
Q

if the varible group is hydrogen, what is the amino acid formed?

A

glycine

33
Q

what is removed when joining together 2 amino acids?

A

a water molecule is removed as it is a condensation reaction

34
Q

what is the primary structure?

A

the simplest level of protein structure, with a specific number of and sequence of amino acids to make up a polypeptide chain

35
Q

why is the primary structre of a protein so important?

A

the primary structure determins the final proteins function

36
Q

what bonds are present in the primary structure?

A

only peptide bonds are present

37
Q

what is the secondary structure?

A

this is the folding of the primary structure into alpha helices or beta pleated sheets

38
Q

what bonds are present in the secondary structure?

A

peptide bonds between amino acids
hydrogen bonds between oxygen and hydrogen - weak but help maintain shape

39
Q

name and describe structure A?

A

alpha helix
a coiled structure, that is strong due to many hydrogen bonds

40
Q

name and describe structure B?

A

beta pleated sheet
a flat flexible structure consisting of parallel polypeptide chains caused by foldings that are cross-linked by hydrogen bonds

41
Q

what is a tertiary structure?

A

formed when the secondary structure folds into a precise, 3D shape - alpha helices and beta pleated sheets
some globular proteins are complete at this stage (some enzymes)
polypeptides are now proteins

42
Q

what bonds are present in tertiary structures?

A

peptide bond sbetween amino acids
hydrogen bonds between nehatively charged R groups and positive hydrogens
ionic bonds between oppositely charges R groups of amino acids
disulfide bridge between 2 sulfur atoms between 2 R groups on cysteien amino acids

43
Q

name A, B, C and D

A

A - hydrophobic interations and Van der Waals forces
B - hydrogen bond
C - disulfide bridge
D - ionic bond

44
Q

what are hydrophobic interactions?

A

hydrophobic interations are when the hydrophobic R groups fold inwards towards the center of the structure - these help maintain the shape

45
Q

what are Van der Waals forces?

A

wesak interactions, not between structures and particular part

46
Q

what are quaternary structures?

A

proteins that rae made of two or more polypeptide chains and a prosthetic group on occasion

47
Q

define prosthetic group and their function

A

chemic groups bonded to proteins but not made of amino acids
important of the function. of proteins

48
Q

what are the 2 categories of quaternary proteins?

A

globular and fibrous proteins

49
Q

what are globlar proteins?

A

globular proteins tend to be soluble in water and make up enzymes, antibodies and hormones
globular proteins have a wide range of amino acid sequence in their structure

50
Q

what is the typical shape of globular proteins?

A

compact ball like shapes
hydrophobic R-group amino acid turned inwards
hydrophilic R-group amino acids turned outwards

51
Q

what is haemoglobin?

A

haemogloblin is a quaternary structure as it is made up og 4 globular ploypeptide chains
each polypeptide chain has a prosthetic group called haem
haem contains iron which bonds to oxygen

52
Q

what are fibrous proteins?

A

fibrous proteins are insoluble and normally provide a structural function
they have a regular, repetitive amino acid sequence

53
Q

what is the shape of fibrous proteins?

A

long, elongated fibres
rigid/strng due to tightly coled triple helices

54
Q

what is college?

A

collegen is a fibrous protein found in large quantaties in connective tissues throughout the human body

55
Q

Name 2 lipid groups

A

Triglycerides and phospholipids

56
Q

What do lipids contain?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
→ the proponion of oxygen is very small compared to carbohydrates

57
Q

Are lipids polymers? Why?

A

Not polymers → not made of repeating units

58
Q

What are triglycerides?

A

One glycerol molecule joined to 3 fatty acids by covalent ester bonds.

59
Q

How many fatty acids are there?

A

70 fatty acids with a COOH group with a carbohydrate chain attached

60
Q

What are the functions of triglyceride?

A

Functions include: source of energy → nigh hydrogen percentage, easily oxidised / acts as insulators → for the body and electrical impulses my lean sheath to nerve cues / large non-polar molecules / insoluble e in water / protection for vital organs.

61
Q

What is a mono - unsaturated triglyceride?

A

A triglyceride with one c= c double bond.

62
Q

What is a poly-unsaturated triglyceride?

A

A triglyceride with more than one c c= C double bond

63
Q

What is a phospholipid?

A

A phospholipid has a molecule of glycerol, only 2 fatty acid tail anda phosphate group

64
Q

What are nucleicacias?

A

Large polymers found in the nucleus of a cell
Deoxyribonucleic acid → no oxygen
Ribonucleic acid → with oxygen

65
Q

Describe the monomer for both nucleic acids

A

Nucleotides:
A pentose sugar → 5 carbon sugar
A phosphate group
A nitrogenous base (organic base)

66
Q

State key information about DNA and draw its structure

A

DNA:
Double helix held together by hydrogen bonds → stable
2 hydrogen bonds between adenine and thymine
3 hydrogen bonds between cytosine and guanine
Long chain
Deoxyribose sugar
Adenine/thymine/cytosine/ guanine

67
Q

State key information about RNA and draw its structure

A

RNA:
Single strand with no hydrogen bonds → unstable
Short chain
Ribose sugar
Adenine/guanine/cytosine/uracil

68
Q

What are polynucleotides?

A

A very strong structure of polymerised nucleotides

69
Q

How are nucleotides bonded?

A

A covalent bonds called a phosphodiester between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the sugar of the adjacent nucleotide
→ forming a sugar phosphate backbone

70
Q

Describe the structure of DNA

A

Double stranded which run in opposite directions (antiparallel)
Held together by hydrogen bonds

71
Q

What is messenger RNA?

A

A copy of the genetic code required to make a protein
→ The genetic code round on RNA is called a codon

72
Q

Key facts of the structure of mRNA

A

→ single polynucleotide strand (curved but still one strand)
→ clover leaf shape with some base pairings
→ uracil and ribose sugar
→ no set organic base ratio
→ 75 nucleotides long

73
Q

What is transfer RNA?

A

tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosomes in a specific order
→ the genetic code on tRNA found in 3 is called an anticodon

74
Q

Key facts of the structure of tRNA

A

→ single polynucleotide strand
→ linear, no base pairing
→ uracil base and ribose sugar
→ No set organic base ratio
→ varies in length (few thousand nucleotides as a maximum)

75
Q

How many types of t RNA are there?

A

61 types

biology (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions