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biological molecules Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are carbohydrates and lipids made up of

A

carbon, oxygen and hydrogen

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2
Q

what chemical elements are proteins made up of

A

carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
nitrogen
sulfur

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3
Q

what chemical elements are found in nucleic acids

A

carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
nitrogen
phosphorus

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4
Q

what are some of the important properties of water

A

metabolic importance
high heat capacity
high heat of vapourisation
cohesive properties
useful as a solvent

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5
Q

what is the polarity of water

A

water is a polar molecule
the hydrogen atoms are slightly positive and the ocygen are slightly negative

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6
Q

how is hydrogen bonding present in water

A

the polarity of water molecules means that they are attracted to one another

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7
Q

why is water needed as a metabolite

A

it is needed for hydrolysis and condensation reactions such as making ATP and breaking ATP to release energy

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8
Q

why is water’s high heat of vaporisation needed

A

a lot of energy is needed to separate the water molecules from each other meaning that it takes a lot of energy for the water to evaporate, when water evapourates becuase energy is used it cools down the surrounding area, this is used in temperature regulation

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9
Q

why is the high heat capacity useful in water

A

water takes a long time to heat and cool this means that water can be used in warm blooded animals to evenly disperse heat within their bodies

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10
Q

why is it important that water is a good solvent

A

water is a good solvent because ions and polar molecules can easily dissolve into it this is because water is di-polar

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11
Q

why is it important that water has cohesive properties

A

the strong attraction between water molecules is important so that water can be transported throughout plants

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12
Q

why is water seen as a good habitat

A

water is a good habitat because it is highly stable

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13
Q

what are monomers

A

monomers are single sub-units eg monosaccharides, nucleotides and amino acids

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14
Q

what are polymers

A

polymers are complex molecules made up of multiple monomers joined through condensation reactions eg protein, DNA and starch

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15
Q

what are monosaccharides

A

they are simple sugars eg glucose, galactose and fructose

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16
Q

what is glucose

A

glucose is a hexose sugar that is an important source of energy and in respiration energy released from glucose is used to make ATP

17
Q

what is a disaccharide

A

when two monosaccharides are joined through a condensation reaction, eg maltose, sucrose and lactose

18
Q

what are polysaccharides

A

they are formed when multiple monosaccharides are joined together with glycosydic bonds, the chain can be branched/ unbranched anf they can contain different monosaccharides eg starch and glycogen

19
Q

what is starch

A

starch is the main store of energy in plants, starch doesnt change the water potential and is made up of amylose and amylopectin

20
Q

what is amylopectin

A

it is a highly branched chain of alpha glucose, becuase it is branched glucose molecules are easily accessed by enzymes therefore there is a quick energy release

21
Q

what is amylose

A

amylose is a linear chain of alpha glucose, it is not branched however it can coil meaning that it is a highly compact energy store

22
Q

what is glycogen

A

glycogen is the main energy store in humans, it is highly branched and means that energy is easily and quickly released due to enzymes to be able to access the glucose molecules easily

23
Q

what is cellulose

A

cellulose makes up plant cell walls, ut us a long chain of beta glucose molecules which are unbranched, these chains are held together by hydrogen bonds

24
Q

triglycerides

A

triglycerides are made up of one glycerol and 3 fatty acids joined to the glycogen by ester bonds

25
Q

what is the structure of fatty acids

A

they are made of hydrocarbon chains they can be saturated and unsaturated

26
Q

what is a saturated fatty acid

A

they have only single carbon to carbon bonds they are solid at room temperature and are found commonly in animal products

27
Q

what are unsaturated fatty acids

A

they have at least one double carbon to carbon bond, they are normally liquid at room temperature such as oil

28
Q

what are the functions of fatty acids

A

-energy release, chemical energy is stored in fatty acid tails lots of energy is released when these are broken down
-they repel water, they form lipid droplets which are formed beacuse they are both hydrophobic and hydrophylic this means that they are insoluble and therefore dont affect the cells water potential

29
Q

phospholipids

A

they form bilayers, they have 2 fatty acids rather than 3 and they have a phosphate group

30
Q

proteins

A

proteins are made up of multiple amino acids joined by peptide bonds

31
Q

What are the components of amino acids

A

amino group
carboxyl group
hydrogen atom
r group/ side group

32
Q

r groups

A

the r groups determine how the amino acids interact with other amino acids within the polypeptide

33
Q

the levels of protein structure

A

primary-the sequence of animo acids
secondary-the hydrogen bonds that determine whether the amino acids for an alpha-helix or a beta pleated sheet
tertiary-the bonds involved with the folding of the protein
-hydrogen bonds
-ionic bonds
-disulphide bridges
-hydrophobic interactions
quarternary-2 or more polypeptide chains, multiple polypeptides joining to form a protein eg haemoglobin has 4 polypeptides

34
Q

globular proteins

A

have a mostly round structure, they are soluble in water, they are enzymes, messengers and structural proteins

35
Q

fibrous proteins

A

they are long and narrow and are insoluble in water, they are used for structural support in cells

Biology (11 decks)

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