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(BIO) MODULE 2 > Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Biological Molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the Chemical Elements that makes up the Biological Molecules for Carbohydrates

A

Carbon,Hydrogen, and Oxygen

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2
Q

Name the Chemical Elements that makes up the Biological Molecules for Lipids

A

Carbon,Hydrogen, and Oxygen

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3
Q

Name the Chemical Elements that makes up the Biological Molecules for Proteins

A

Carbon,Hydrogen,Oxygen, Nitrogen and Sulphur

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4
Q

Name the Chemical Elements that makes up the Biological Molecules for Nucleic acids

A

Carbon,Hydrogen,Oxygen, Nitrogen and Phosphorus

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5
Q

How would you represent Hydrogen Bonding in a diagram

A

Dashed line between (O) on one molecule and (H) on the adjacent molecule

Hydrogen / H, bond label (on any drawn bond between 2 molecules)

(delta positive) + on each drawn H and (delta negative) - on each drawn O

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6
Q

Water as a solvent can allow polar / ionic , substances can dissolve e.g. so aquatic plants can take up ions

Name another for aquatic organisms

A

Allows gases to dissolve e.g. oxygen for fish

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7
Q

Water as a solvent can allow * gases to dissolve e.g. oxygen for fish*

Name another for aquatic organisms

A

Polar / ionic , substances can dissolve e.g. so aquatic plants can take up ions

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8
Q

Water has a high latent heat of vaporisation

Which can be used for _______ e.g. sweating / panting / transpiration

A

Cooling

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9
Q

Why is Water Cohesive

A

Water molecules are attracted to each other because of hydrogen bonds

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10
Q

Water has a high specific heat of capacity

This means in animals it is

A

1.Slow to change temperature

2.Internal body temperature changes minimised

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11
Q

Water as a solvent can allow polar / ionic , substances can dissolve e.g. so aquatic plants can take up ions

Name another for Plants

A

Can form long unbroken columns of water in xylem vessels due to cohesion between molecules

Reactant in photosynthesis

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12
Q

Water has properties of cohesion

How does this effect aquatic organisms

What is the role of water for aquatic organisims (specifically cohesion)

A

Organisms can use surface of water (as habitat); e.g.; water boatman due to surface tension due to cohesion between water molecules

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13
Q

FILL THE BLANK

1.Water is a ____ at normal temperature
2.________ Bonding between water molecules
3.________ are more difficult to seperate

A

1.WATER
2.HYDROGEN
3.MOLECULES

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14
Q

Water has High heat capacity
Which means…

A

water slow to change temperature
lakes / oceans / large volumes , provide thermally stable environment;
large amount of energy must be removed for water to freeze;
ice floats on water / water freezes from top down;
insulates water beneath;
large bodies of water don’t freeze completely / animals can still swim etc.;
(change in density with temperature) causes currents to circulate nutrients

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15
Q

Define Hydrolysis

A

Breaking a bond with the addition of water

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16
Q

Define Condensation

In terms of breaking/making bonds

A

Formation of a bond with the release of water

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17
Q

This question is about Protein Structure

Draw an Amino Acid

A

H

(H2)- N - C - (COOH)

R

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18
Q

This question is about Protein Structure

Define Primary Structure

A

The sequence / order of amino acids in a polypeptide

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19
Q

This question is about Protein Structure

Define Secondary Structure

A

Coling/ Folding of the chain of amino acids peptide chain , in the primary structure to form

- Alpha Helix
- Beta Pleated Sheet

Held by hydrogen bonds between amino acids in same chain ;(between -NH and -CO)

20
Q

This question is about Protein Structure

Define Tertiary Structure

A

Secondary Structure undergoes futher coiling and folding to form a 3D Structure held by bonds and hydrophobic / hydrophilic interactions

21
Q

This question is about Protein Structure

Name the 3 Types of bonds

A

Disulfide Bonds (covalent) between sulphur atoms in cysteine residues
Ionic Bonds between oppositely charged R groups
Hydrogen Bonds *between delta positive and delta negative R groups *

22
Q

Define Hydrophilic Interactions

A

Hydrophilic R groups* on outside* and Hydrophobic R groups on inside of soluble globular proteins

23
Q

Define Hydrophobic Interactions

A

Hydrophobic R groups* on outside* and Hydrophillic R groups on inside of soluble globular proteins

24
Q

This Question is about the Structure Of Haemoglobin

What is the quaternary structure of haemoglobin

A

4 polypeptides / subunits ;
2 α, chains and 2 β, chains ;
prosthetic group is haem which contains Fe2+
1 haem group per polypeptide / 4 haems (per molecule)

25
Q

What is the general formula of Carbohydrates

A

Cx(H2O)y

26
Q

What is the types of carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharides- these are simple sugars, with the general formula (CH2O)n, where n can be 3–7
Disaccharides-these are formed from two monosaccharides
Polysaccharides-these are large molecules formed from many monosaccharides.

27
Q

Glucose is a Hexose , Meaning…

A

6 Membered Ring
CH2OH Side Chain in Glucose
OH above Carbon 3

28
Q

Ribose is a Pentose , Meaning…

A

5-membered ring
CH2OH Side chain as in glucose
OH below carbon 3

29
Q

Glucose exists in different forms called structural isomers. Two common isomers are alpha
glucose and beta glucose.

What is the difference between Alpha and Beta Glucose

A

In alpha- glucose the hydroxyl (OH) group on carbon 1 is below the plane of the ring structure

In beta-glucose the hydroxyl (OH) group on carbon 1 is above the plane of the ring structure

Think ABBA (alpha below, beta above)

30
Q

This question is about Chemical Tests

What is the test for Proteins

A
  • Add Biuret solution: positive turns blue to lilac
31
Q

This question is about Chemical Tests

What is the test for Reducing sugar

A
  • Add / use , Benedict’s (reagent) and heat to >70C ; NOT use water bath alone
  • Turns from blue to green / yellow / orange / brown / red (precipitate)
32
Q

This question is about Chemical Tests

What is the test for Non reducing sugar

A
  • Hydrolysis by boiling , with acid / HCl
  • Add Benedict’s reagent
33
Q

This question is about Chemical Tests

What is the test for Starch

A

Iodine solution turns yellow to blue/black

34
Q

What is the test for Lipids

A
  • mix with alcohol/ethanol
  • add water
  • positive : forms emulsion / milky colour / cloudy
35
Q

Describe the structure and properties Cellulose

A

Polymer (polysaccharide)
* Made of beta glucose linked by glycosidic bonds
* Each molecule is flipped 180;
Straight chains
* held together by hydrogen bonds
Forms fibrils
* cross linkage between chains
* strong;
* insoluble ;
Role: Cellulose is found in plant cell walls:
* It doesn’t coil and forms straight bundles known as microfibrils which are strong.
* Although very strong the cell wall is fully permeable.
* The hydrogen cross-links make cellulose very resistant to hydrolysis also making it an
excellent structural carbohydrate.

36
Q

Describe the structure and properties Amylose

A
  • Made of alpha glucose joined by 1,4 glycosidic bonds
  • Linear: linear non-branching “straight” chains
  • Compact : chain coils to form a helix
37
Q

This question is about Lipids

What is the structure of a Triglyceride

A
  • 3 fatty acids ;
  • 1 glycerol ;
  • ester linkages formed by condensation reaction
38
Q

This question is about Lipids

What is the structure of a Phospholipids

A
  • 1 less fatty acid (residue) / 2 fatty acid (residues) not 3 ;
  • 1 less ester bond / 2 ester bonds not 3 ;
  • phosphate ; ;
  • hydrophilic / polar , end / head
39
Q

What is the structure of Haemoglobin

A

-Globular
-Hydrophillic R group on the outside
-Hydrophobic R group in the inside
-Similar proportion of glycine to other amino acids
-4 chains

40
Q

What is the structure of Collagen

A

Peptide bonds , between amino acids in a polypeptide (Primary Structure)
Every 3rd amino acid is , same/glucine
Coil/Sprial/Helix
Left handed Helix
**Glycine / Small R Group, allows closeness **
Three Polypeptide Chains
Hydrogen bonds between peptide chains
Hydrophobic R groups on the outside
adjacent molecules joined by crosslinks
crosslinks/end of molecules

41
Q

Describe the effects of Denaturation and PH

A
  • loss of tertiary structure / loss of 3D structure
  • change in pH/[H+] alters charge distribution on protein molecule;
  • hydrogen / ionic , bonds break
  • changes shape of protein
42
Q

What are features of globular proteins

A
  • Almost spherical-often with specific shapes which are complementary to other shapes e.g.
  • active sites in enzymes
  • Signalling molecules such as hormones including peptide hormones e.g. insulin
43
Q

What is a Conjugated Protein

A

A protein containing a prosthetic group

44
Q

What are features of fibrous proteins

A
  • Regular repeating sequences of amino acids
  • Insoluble in water
  • Form fibres
  • Structural function e.g.
    Collagen and elastin in connective tissue
    Keratin in hair
45
Q

Keratin has alot of _B_L_A_N_K__
Keratin acts as a B_L_A_N K and is waterproof

A
  1. Cystine Residues, making it strong
  2. Barrier
46
Q

Elastin has BLANK and Blank to make in strong and extentable to strech and recoil

A

Crosslinks and Coils

(BIO) MODULE 2 (6 decks)

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