Biological molecules

Question 1

molecular formula

Answer 1

chemical make up of atoms present

Question 2

structural formula

Answer 2

how atoms are bonded

Question 3

displayed formula

Answer 3

all covalent bonds

Question 4

how to condense large molecules

Answer 4

remove C-H bonds and O-H bonds
show skeleton

Question 5

whats assumed when you display a formula removing CH bonds

Answer 5

all carbon are fully saturated

Question 6

what are the cyclic compounds

Answer 6

cyclic amine (6C with N)
cyclopentane (5C)
benzene (rapidly switching double bond)

Question 7

importance of projections of bonds (wedges and dashes)

Answer 7

effects on chemistry and biology

Question 8

isomer

Answer 8

compounds with same molecular formula, diff structure

Question 9

2 types of isomers

Answer 9

structural isomers
stereoisomers

Question 10

structural isomers

Answer 10

same component of atoms arranged differently

Question 11

3 classes of structural isomers

Answer 11

chain
position
functional group isomers

Question 12

chain isomers (structural)

Answer 12

same molecular formula but chain of C arranged diff eg side chains

Question 13

positional isomers (structural)

Answer 13

same C skeleton and functional group but location varies

Question 14

functional group isomers (structural)

Answer 14

diff functional group between molecules with same molecular formula

Question 15

stereoisomers

Answer 15

compounds that differ in spatial configuration of their atoms (same formation of bonds diff 3D structure)

Question 16

2 types of stereoisomers

Answer 16

geometric
optical isomers

Question 17

geometric isomers (stereoisomers)

Answer 17

same no. / type of atom and layout diff spatial arrangement of atoms on either side of a fixed C-C double bond (can rotate around it )

Question 18

2 formations of geometric isomers

Answer 18

cis - both r groups on same side
trans - r on diff sides and can’t rotate

Question 19

optical isomers (stereoisomers)

Answer 19

same chemical structure that are mirror images (chiral compounds)

Question 20

name for 2 compounds that are optical isomers

Answer 20

enantiomer

Question 21

when do optical isomers form

Answer 21

when 4 unique r groups bonded to c

Question 22

oligosaccaride

Answer 22

3-10

Question 23

sucrose

Answer 23

glucose and fructose

Question 24

maltose

Answer 24

glucose x2

Question 25

lactose

Answer 25

glucose and galactose

Question 26

polysaccaride example

Answer 26

glycogen branched glucose

Question 27

why are lipids insoluble

Answer 27

non polar due to many c bonds

Question 28

oil vs wax

Answer 28

oil = shorter chain

Question 29

triglycerides with double bond

Answer 29

saturated = harder to metabolise = trans fats

Question 30

whats a proteinogenic AA

Answer 30

20 genetically encoded in DNA for enzyme formation etc

Question 31

which is the correct way to write a polypeptide chain

Answer 31

N-C

Question 32

what groups do all AA have

Answer 32

amine
carboxyl
r group

Question 33

macromolecule structure of proteins

Answer 33

primary
secondary
tertiary
quaternary

Question 34

interactions that form secondary structure (alpha helix or beta sheet)

Answer 34

hydrogen bonding of neighbouring molecules

Question 35

how can beta sheets and alpha helix be presented

Answer 35

parallel or antiparallel
clockwise or anticlockwise

Question 36

whats causes the beta sheet to be pleated

Answer 36

side chains in diff planes

Question 37

interactions that cause the tertiary structure to fold

Answer 37

disulphide bridges
hydrogen
electrostatic
hydrophobic
pie stacking

Question 38

how is the quaternary structure formed

Answer 38

intermolecular forces which influence the biochemical behaviour